Kinds of Forgery

✓Simple forgery
✓Simulated forgery
✓Traced forgery
✓Cut and Paste forgery
 Simple forgery (spurious signature)

• A fraudulent signature in which there was no

apparent attempt of simulation or imitation
• Forger does not try to copy a model but writes
something resembling we ordinarily call a
signature.
• For this he used a false name and makes a
rapid stroke, disturbing his usual writing by
adopting a camouflage called disguise.
 Simulated forgery
• It is a fraudulent signature which was
executed purely by simulation rather than by
tracing the outline of a genuine signature.
• Also refers to the free-hand drawing in
imitation of model signature.
• Direct technique
Forger works directly with ink.
• Indirect technique
Forger works first with pencil and
afterwards covers the pencil strokes with ink.
 Traced forgery

• Any fraudulent signature which was executed

by actually following the outline of a genuine
signature with a writing instrument.
 Cut and paste forgery

• A person attempts to extract the

signature from one document
then place that signature onto
another document claiming that
the second document is in
authentic document.
 Kinds of Tracing Process
➢Carbon Process
➢Indentation Process
➢Transmitted Light Process
 Carbon process

• The forger places the document to be forged

on the bottom, inter-leave a piece of carbon
and places on top a document containing the
genuine signature. Then traces over the
genuine signature.
 Indentation process
• The document containing the model
signature is placed on top of the forged
document. The forger traces with
considerable pressure over the genuine
signature using pencil, pen or similar sharp
pointed instruments and creates an indented
signature outline on the document being
 Transmitted light process
The document to be forged is put on top of the
document containing the genuine signature.
The two documents are superimposed over a
light source on a transparent flat surface. The
forger traces the signature outline, with either
pencil or fountain pen following the design of
the genuine signature set in bold relief by the
light in back of it.
Erasures, Alterations
and obliterations of
document
• ERASURES
changing of documents by removing
certain parts.
• ALTERATIONS
change in the meaning or language of a
document that is made by one party without
the consent of the other
• OBLITERATIONS
remove all signs of a document; to destroy
• Detecting alterations, obliterations, erasures and
page substitutions ― Alterations, obliterations and
erasures not visible to the human eye can often be
detected through use of photography and other
imaging devices that utilize ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths of light. Using radiation filtered at
various wavelengths, an imaging instrument such as
a video spectral comparator (VSC) can reveal writing
that has been added with a different ink, or has been
altered or removed by exploiting variations in the
way different inks respond to different wavelengths
of light. For example, under certain light sources
combined with an infrared filter, a document
VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR