SIX SIGMA TOOLS

AND TECHNIQUE
PERTEMUAN 2
 • Basic 7 tools
• New 7 tools

• QFD
• FMEA
• CBA/FFA
Activity Network Diagram
Advanced Quality Planning
Affinity Diagram
Auditing
Management and Planning Tools
Benchmarking
Brainstorming
Cause-and-Effect Diagram (Fishbone, Ishikawa Diagram)
Check Sheets
Customer Feedback
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Flowchart
Focus Groups
Force-Field Analysis
Gantt Chart
Graphical Charts, Control Charts, and other Statistical Tools
Variables Charts
Attributes Charts
Charts for Other Kinds of Data
Interrelationship Diagram (Digraph)

Source:
Roderick A. Munro, Govindarajan Ramu,
and Daniel J. Zrymiak (2015)
Interviews Management and Planning Tools
Matrix Diagram
Multivoting
Nominal Group Technique
PDCA (PDSA and SDCA)
Prioritization Matrix
Problem Solving
Process Decision Program Chart
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
Quality Function Deployment
Risk Priority Number
Sampling Plan
Suppliers-Inputs-Process-Outputs-Customers (SIPOC) Diagram
Tree Diagram
Written Survey
Tool Review

Source:
Roderick A. Munro, Govindarajan Ramu,
and Daniel J. Zrymiak (2015)
QFD
Quality function deployment (QFD) is a method
developed in Japan beginning in 1966 to help transform the 
voice of the customer into engineering characteristics for a
product.

Yoji Akao

The original developer, described QFD as

a "method to transform qualitative user
demands into quantitative parameters, to
deploy the functions forming quality, and to
deploy methods for achieving the design
quality into subsystems and component
parts, and ultimately to specific elements of
the manufacturing process
 • FMEA stands for Failure Modes and
Effects Analysis, it is a step-by-step
approach for identifying all possible
failures in a design, a manufacturing
or assembly process, or a product or
service.

• From ISO 14971:

• “FMEA is a technique by which
the consequences of an

FMEA individual fault mode are

systematically identified and
evaluated. It is an inductive
technique using the question
“What happens if … ?”.
Components are analysed one at
a time, thus generally looking at
a single-fault condition. This is
done in a “bottom-up” mode,
i.e., following the procedure to
the next higher functional
system level.” 
FMEA Flowchart

Source: Roderick A. Munro, Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J. Zrymiak (2015)

Source: Roderick A. Munro, Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J. Zrymiak (2015)
Steps in
performing
a design
or process
FMEA

Source: Roderick A. Munro,

Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
Steps in
performing
a design
or process
FMEA

Source: Roderick A. Munro,

Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
 Severity

Source: Roderick A. Munro,

Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
 Occurrance

Source: Roderick A. Munro,

Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
 Detection

Source: Roderick A. Munro,

Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
Example of RPN calculations.
Source: Roderick A. Munro,
Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
Source: Roderick A. Munro,
Govindarajan Ramu, and Daniel J.
Zrymiak (2015)
Example FMEA reporting and RPN chart.
CBA-FFA Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes
also called benefit–cost analysis, is a
systematic approach to estimating the
strengths and weaknesses of alternatives
used to determine options which provide
the best approach to achieving benefits
while preserving savings (for example, in
transactions, activities, and functional
business requirements)

Force-field analysis is a development in

social science. It provides a framework for
looking at the factors (forces) that influence
a situation, originally social situations. It
looks at forces that are either driving
movement toward a goal (helping forces)
or blocking movement toward a goal
(hindering forces)