BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 22
Respiration: The Exchange of
Gases

Modules 22.1 – 22.4

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surviving in Thin Air

• The air at the height of the world’s highest

peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
– Even expert mountain climbers do not always
survive the journey
– Thin air can weaken
muscles, damage
the digestive system,
cloud the mind, and
sometimes fill the
lungs with blood

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 • Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly
over the Himalayas
– Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the
atmosphere
– Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen

– They have a large

number of capillaries
to deliver this oxygen-
rich blood to tissues
and muscles

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MECHANISMS OF GAS EXCHANGE

• Gas exchange is the interchange of O2 and CO2

between an organism and its environment
– It is also called respiration

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22.1 Overview: Gas exchange involves breathing,
the transport of gases, and the servicing of
tissue cells

• Gas exchange is essential because energy

metabolism requires O2 and produces CO2

• There are three phases of gas exchange

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 O2

Lung CO2

1 Breathing

Circulatory
system

2 Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system

Mitochondria

3 Servicing of O2
cells within
the body CO2
tissues
Capillary

Cell
Figure 22.1

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22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 through moist
body surfaces

• O2 enters an animal and CO2 leaves by diffusion

through a respiratory surface
– Respiratory surfaces are made up of living cells

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 • Some animals use their entire skin as a gas-
exchange organ
– Example: earthworms

Cut

Cross section
of respiratory
surface (the
skin covering
the body)

CO2

O2
Capillaries
Figure 22.2A

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 • In most animals, specialized body parts carry
out gas exchange
– Gills in fish

Body surface

Respiratory
surface
(gill)

CO2 Capillaries

O2
Figure 22.2B

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 – Tracheae in – Lungs in land
insects vertebrates

Body surface
Body surface
Respiratory
surface Respiratory
(tracheae) surface
O2 (within lung)

Body cells CO2 O2 Capillary

(no capillaries)
CO2

Figure 22.2C, D

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22.3 Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic
environments

• Gills are extensions of the body that absorb O2

dissolved in water
• In fish, gill filaments bear numerous platelike
lamellae
– Lamellae are packed with blood vessels

– They are the respiratory surfaces

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 Gill arch

• The structure Direction

of water
of fish gills flow

Gill arch

Blood
vessels

Gill
filaments
Oxygen-poor
blood

Oxygen-rich
blood

Lamella

Water
flow Figure 22.3

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22.4 Countercurrent flow in the gills enhances O2
transfer

• Blood flows through the lamellae in a direction

opposite to water flow
– This countercurrent Water flow

maintains a diffusion over

lamellae

gradient that
maximizes the
uptake of O2

Blood flow
through
lamellae

Figure 22.4

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings