CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

TO CHEMISTRY
FORM 4 SPM CHEMISTRY
 SUB-CHAPTERS

• 1.1 DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMISTRY FIELD AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE

• 1.2 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION IN CHEMISTRY
• 1.3 USAGE, MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING OF APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
 1.1 DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMISTRY FIELD AND
ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE.
• MEANING OF CHEMISTRY:
STUDY OF STRUCTURES, PROPERTIES, COMPOSITIONS AND INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN MATTERS.
Chemistry is NOT limited to works in laboratory, but also extends to
common daily products such as soap, salt, drinks and even cooking in
kitchen!
ORIGIN OF
THE WORD
“CHEMISTR
Y”
ARABIC TERM
OF “AL-KIMIYA”

IN BAHASA,
 NOTABLE PERSON IN CHEMISTRY FIELD.
Award for: Development of
method for editing gnome.

Noble 2020 Chemistry Winner – Jennifer Doudna &

Emmanuelle Charpentier
 FATHER OF ARABIC CHEMISTRY
JABIR IBN HAYYAN
Page 4
Textbook

His contribution:
• Classification of matter into
metal/non metal, powdery Old times distillation process to purify substances.
substance and “spirit” that
evaporate when heated.
• Introduction of warm, cold,
moist and dry in addition to
fire, water, earth and air in
ancient time.
 ORIGIN OF CHEMISTRY

•DURING THE ANCIENT TIME, PEOPLE TRIED HARD

TO CONVERT METALS INTO GOLD.

•THIS IS THE PRE-CURSOR OF CHEMISTRY, CALLED

ALCHEMY.
CHEMICALS
IN DAILY LIFE
- FOOD
• PRESERVATIVE
• COLOURING
• FLAVOURING
• ANTIOXIDANT
• STABILISER
CHEMICALS IN DAILY LIFE - MEDICINE
 Antibiotic
 Antiseptic
 Chemotherapy
 Analgesic
CHEMICALS IN
DAILY LIFE -
AGRICULTURE
• HERBICIDE
• PESTICIDE
• FUNGICIDE
• FERTILISER
• HORMONE
CHEMICALS
IN LIFE -
INDUSTRY
 PAINT
 POLYMER
 GLASS
 CERAMIC

 DETERGENT
 COLOURING
 ALLOY
 IF I MAJOR IN CHEMISTRY, WHICH CAREER
CAN I PURSUE AFTER COMPLETING MY
STUDY?
• BIOTECH RESEARCHER – EXPLOITING BIOLOGICAL PROCESS/ORGANISM TO
PRODUCE USEFUL PRODUCTS.
• EXAMPLE:
 IF I MAJOR IN CHEMISTRY, WHICH CAREER
CAN I PURSUE AFTER COMPLETING MY
STUDY?
• BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER: DESIGN INSTRUMENT, DEVICE, APPS OR SOFTWARE
USED IN HEALTHCARE.
• EXAMPLE:
 IF I MAJOR IN CHEMISTRY, WHICH CAREER
CAN I PURSUE AFTER COMPLETING MY
STUDY?
• DOCTOR AND PHARMACIST.
• EXAMPLE:
 IF I MAJOR IN CHEMISTRY, WHICH CAREER
CAN I PURSUE AFTER COMPLETING MY
STUDY?
• COSMETIC CHEMIST AND CONSULTANT.
• EXAMPLE:
 IF I MAJOR IN CHEMISTRY, WHICH CAREER
CAN I PURSUE AFTER COMPLETING MY
STUDY?
• NANOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEER & FOOD SCIENTIST
• EXAMPLE:
 IF I MAJOR IN
CHEMISTRY, WHICH
CAREER CAN I PURSUE
AFTER COMPLETING MY
STUDY?

• GREEN TECHNOLOGY
CHEMIST & ENGINEER
• EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS/CHALLENGES FOR
YOU TO ANSWER IN THIS FIELD.

• 1. HOW TO TREAT WASTEWATER FROM TOILET? WHERE DOES IT GO?

• 2. HOW TO KNOW IF TOO MUCH SALT IS ADDED INTO A FOOD?
• 3. HOW TO MAKE ANTISEPTIC?
• 4. HOW TO MAKE MEDICINE?
• 5. HOW TO SOLVE FOR PLASTIC POLLUTION?
1.2 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
EXAMPLE OF LAB REPORT. REMEMBER – YOUR
REPORT NEEDS TO LET OTHER PEOPLE WHO
DON’T KNOW ANYTHING TO COMPLETE THE
WHOLE EXPERIMENT FROM START TO FINISH
AND OBTAIN SIMILAR RESULT AS YOURS.

• HTTPS://WWW.MONASH.EDU/RLO/ASSIGNM
ENT-SAMPLES/SCIENCE/SCIENCE-WRITING-
A-LAB-REPORT
(EXAMPLE OF MONASH UNIVERSITY REPORT)
1.3 USAGE, MANAGEMENT AND
HANDLING OF APPARATUS
AND MATERIALS.

• BEFORE STARTING TO DO EXPERIMENT IN

THE LAB, YOU MUST BE CLEAR ABOUT THE
LAB SAFETY RULES.

• TRY TO RECALL WHAT RULES THAT YOU

PREVIOUSLY LEARNT?
 TO DO LIST
WHEN
ENTERING LAB
• REMEMBER TO
ENSURE GOOD
VENTILATION IN
THE LAB. THIS
CAN BE DONE BY
OPENING DOORS
AND WINDOWS.
CHECKLIST 1 – PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
LET’S CONSIDER A FEW SITUATIONS LIKE THE
FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS
LET’S CONSIDER A FEW SITUATIONS LIKE THE
FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS
 CHECKLIST 2: FUME
CHAMBER
• PURPOSE: TO CARRY OUT EXPERIMENTS THAT
RELEASE TOXIC VAPOUR/ CAN CAUSE COMBUSTION/
PRODUCE PUNGENT SMELL.
• EXAMPLE 1: REACTION USING CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID, H2SO4 WILL EASILY RELEASE
ACIDIC VAPOUR INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• EXAMPLE 2: REACTION USING NITROGEN DIOXIDE,
NO2 CAN RELEASE BROWN GAS THAT IS PUNGENT IN
SMELL.
• EXAMPLE 3: DISTILLATION OF ALCOHOL IS
PREFERABLY DONE IN FUME CHAMBER AS IT IS
EASILY VAPOURISED.
CHECKLIST 3: SAFETY SHOWER AND
EYEWASH
(SEE DEMO)
CHECKLIST 4: FIRE EXTINGUISHER
REMEMBER PASS ACRONYM
CHECKLIST 5 – HAND WASH
Always wash your hand, especially after
doing experiment as chemical substance,
dirt and perhaps microorganisms can get
in touch with your hand.
METHODS OF MANAGING AND HANDLING
APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS – STATION 1
METHODS OF MANAGING
AND HANDLING
APPARATUS AND
CHEMICALS – STATION 2
METHODS OF MANAGING
AND HANDLING
APPARATUS AND
CHEMICALS – STATION 3
METHODS OF MANAGING
AND HANDLING
APPARATUS AND
CHEMICALS – STATION 4
METHODS OF MANAGING
AND HANDLING
APPARATUS AND
CHEMICALS – STATION 4
 STORAGE
AND
DISPOSAL OF
CHEMICALS
CAN CHEMICAL SIMPLY
BE THROWN ANYWHERE
AFTER BEING USED?
STORAGE OF CHEMICALS

• BEFORE BEING USED, CHEMICALS MUST BE

STORED SOMEWHERE IN THE LAB. SO HOW
DO WE STORE CHEMICALS IN THE LAB?
 ITEM 1 –
REACTIVE
SUBSTANCE
• GROUP 1 MATERIALS, SUCH AS
LITHIUM, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
ARE STORED IN PARAFFIN OIL.

• REASON: TO PREVENT REACTION

WITH MOISTURE IN AIR AND
OXYGEN IN AIR
 ITEM 2: HYDROCARBON
AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS
• THEY ARE VOLATILE (MOST ARE EASILY
VAPOURISED IN ROOM CONDITION)
• EXAMPLE: BENZENE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE,
HEXANE ETC
• AS SUCH, THEY ARE STORED IN SHADY AREA,
FAR FROM HEAT AND SUNLIGHT.
 ITEM 3 – ITEM THAT DECOMPOSES EASILY

• NORMALLY UNDER LIGHT PRESENCE, THE COMPOUND EASILY DECOMPOSES.

• EXAMPLE: SILVER (I) NITRATE, AGNO3 WILL DECOMPOSE INTO SILVER OXIDE
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT.
• 2 AGNO3  2AGO + O2 + 2NO2
 ITEM 4: ACIDIC
AND ALKALINE
SUBSTANCES
• NORMALLY LOCKED IN SPECIAL
STORAGE CABINET THAT ARE KEPT
LOCKED.

• THE CONTAINER CAN BE PLASTIC

OR GLASS MADE.
 ITEM 5: HEAVY METALS AND TOXIC
SUBSTANCE
Specially labelled container.
Kept in locked room.
Normally, the container is a large
drum or even intermediate bulk
container, IBC.
 GUIDELINE FOR STORAGE OF
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, PAGE 15

https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/guideline
s/chemical/617-03-guidelines-on-storage-of-hazardous-c
hemicals-a-guide-for-safe-warehousing-of-packaged-haz
ardous-chemicals-2005/file
 DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS.

• AFTER USING THE CHEMICALS IN LAB, THEY NEED

TO BE DISPOSED OFF. SO HOW ARE THEY DISPOSED
OFF?
ITEM 1: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (COMMON
OXIDISING AGENT IN LAB)
If it is LOW in concentration, then CAN directly
pour into SINK (i.e. then go to drain and river)

However, if it is HIGH in concentration,

it must be DILUTED with WATER and
added with sodium sulphite, Na2SO3 to
let it decompose before pouring it into the
sink.
ITEM 2: SOLID WASTE
Special containers.
ITEM 3 & 5: ORGANIC SOLVENT – SIMILAR TO
STORAGE + VOLATILE SUBSTANCE (AVOID
SUNLIGHT + HEAT)
 ITEM 4: HEAVY METAL AND TOXIC
SUBSTANCE
• EXAMPLE: SOLUTION (I.E. LIQUID FORM) THAT CONTAINS HEAVY METAL (E.G. PB)
OR TOXIC (PETROLEUM) CAN BE LEFT TO EVAPORATE IN FUME CHAMBER FIRST,
BEFORE BEING PUT INTO BAG WHICH IS TIED CAREFULLY AND DISPOSED
ACCORDING TO SOP.
 ITEM 5: VOLATILE SUBSTANCE

• EXAMPLE: BROMINE HAS A BOILING POINT OF 58.8 C. THUS IT IS A LIQUID AT

ROOM CONDITION, BUT EASILY VAPORISED.
• THUS, IT MUST BE STORED IN CLOSED CONTAINER (PLASTIC/GLASS) AND KEPT
AWAY FROM SUNLIGHT AND HEAT.
 SPECIAL ATTENTION: MERCURY

Why sprinkle sulphur? Because it can bind with mercury.

 WHY IS
MERCURY SO
DANGEROUS?
• 0.9 MG/L LC 50 96H FOR
FRESHWATER FISH
MEANS:
IF FRESHWATER FISH IS
EXPOSED TO 0.9 MG/L FOR 96 H
(4 DAYS), IT IS ENOUGH TO
KILL 50% OF THE POPULATION.

LC = LETHAL CONCENTRATION