PTI/ASBI M50.3-19 Specification for Multistrand and Grouted Post-Tensioning

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$QFKRUDJHDVVHPEO\±0HFKDQLFDOGHYLFHFRPSULVLQJDOOFRPSR Anchorage assembly - A strand tendon anchorage assembly in-

QHQWVUHTXLUHGWRDQFKRUWKHSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHODQGSHUPDQHQWO\WUDQVIHU cludes: wedges, wedge plate, bearing plate, duct transition, grouting
WKHSRVWWHQVLRQLQJIRUFHIURPWKHSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHOWRWKHFRQFUHWH attachment, and system dependent confinement reinforcement in the
local zone.
A bar anchorage includes the anchor nut and the bearing plate
plus duct and grouting attachments and system dependent confine-
ment reinforcement.
$QFKRUQXW±7KHWKUHDGHGGHYLFHWKDWVFUHZVRQWRDWKUHDGHGEDU Anchorage nut - The anchor nut is part of a bar tendon anchor-
DQGWUDQVIHUVWKHIRUFHIURPWKHEDUWRWKHEHDULQJSODWH age assembly and transfers the forces by mechanical interlock.

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%HDULQJSODWH±$Q\KDUGZDUHWKDWWUDQVIHUVWKHWHQGRQIRUFHLQWRWKH Bearing Plate - Following References (1, 2, 3). This specification

VWUXFWXUH distinguishes between “basic” and “special” bearing plates. (See
PTI’s “Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems, Section
3)
%HDULQJSODWHEDVLF±)ODWSODWHEHDULQJGLUHFWO\DJDLQVWFRQFUHWH Bearing plate, basic - Covered by this definition are square, rec-
PHHWLQJWKHDQDO\WLFDOGHVLJQUHTXLUHPHQWVRI37,UHIHUWR³$FFHSWDQFH tangular, or round plates, sheared or torch cut from readily availa-
6WDQGDUGVIRU3RVW7HQVLRQLQJ6\VWHPV´6HFWLRQ ble steel plate, normally ASTM A36. They do not require testing
since they can reliably be designed using the formulae given in
PTI’s “Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems, Section
3.1- design information is not in this document. Bearing plates
bearing against steel members or other structures must be designed
by appropriate rational analysis.
%HDULQJSODWHVSHFLDO±$Q\KDUGZDUHWKDWWUDQVIHUVWHQGRQDQFKRU Bearing plate, special – Covered by this definition are devices

IRUFHVLQWRWKHFRQFUHWHDQGGRHVQRWPHHWWKHDQDO\WLFDOGHVLJQUHTXLUH having single or multiple plane bearing surfaces and devices com-
PHQWVRI37,UHIHUWR³$FFHSWDQFH6WDQGDUGVIRU3RVW7HQVLRQLQJ6\V bining bearing and wedge plate in one piece. They normally re-
WHPV´6HFWLRQ quire confinement reinforcement

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&RQILQHPHQWUHLQIRUFHPHQW±1RQSUHVWUHVVHGUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQWKH Confinement Reinforcement - The confinement reinforcement in

ORFDO]RQHXVXDOO\LQWKHIRUPRIVSLUDOVZKLFKSURYLGHFRQFUHWHFRQILQH the concrete ahead of tendon anchorages is limited to the local zone.
PHQWDQGDUHFRQVLGHUHGSDUWRIWKHEHDULQJSODWH The confinement reinforcement consists of spirals, orthogonal rein-
forcing bars, or a combination of both. (See also definitions for
Local and General Zone)
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For basic bearing plates confinement reinforcement is required in

that volume of concrete in which compressive stresses exceed ac-
ceptable limits for unreinforced concrete as determined by rational
analysis. (See PTI’s “Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning
Systems, Section 3.1)
For special bearing plates the confinement reinforcement is sys-

tem dependent as determined by tests on individual anchorages.
The test block reinforcement, in the portion surrounding the special
bearing plate and immediately ahead of it, essentially represents the
confinement reinforcement required in the local zone for that partic-
ular system. (See also PTI’s “Acceptance Standards for Post-Ten-
sioning Systems, Section 3.2)

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'XFW±(QFORVXUHIRUPLQJDFRQGXLWWRDFFRPPRGDWHSUHVWUHVVLQJ Duct - Post-tensioning ducts consist of spiral-wound corrugated

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SUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHO Post-tensioning ducts are used for external and internal tendons.

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+\GURJHQHPEULWWOHPHQW±%ULWWOHFUDFNLQJSURFHVVFDXVHGE\WKH Hydrogen embrittlement - See also definition of “stress corrosion

FRQMRLQWDFWLRQRIWHQVLOHVWUHVVDQGK\GURJHQLRQVDWRPLFK\GURJHQ cracking,” a similar phenomenon.
0876±$FURQ\PIRU0LQLPXP8OWLPDWH7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK±PHDVXUHG MUTS used to allow precise description of strand, bar and tendon
DVIRUFH)SX±IRUDVLQJOHVWUDQGRUEDUEUHDNLQJRXWVLGHRIWKHDQFKRU forces. As further discussed below, it is necessary to specify strand,
DJHRUWKHPXOWLSOHRIWKRVHVLQJOHVWUDQGRUEDUIRUFHVIRUPXOWLVWUDQG bar and tendon properties either as "nominal" unit-stresses, or as
RUEDUWHQGRQV MUTS, which is measured as force.

Because of dimensional tolerances tendons are not sized on the
basis of specified tensile unit stresses but are sized, tested and evalu-
ated as multiples of MUTS, which for a single strand or bar is equal
to their specified minimum breaking force.
For instance, the dimensional tolerances allowed by ASTM A416

for 0.5 in. (12.70 mm) strand, Grade 270 ksi (1,860 MPa), permit
tensile unit-stresses between 244 and 277 ksi (1,682 and 1,910 MPa)
for a strand with MUTS of 41.3 kip (183.7 kN). The literature uses
a variety of terms and notations to specify the ultimate strength of
tendons and their elements (bar, strands), and they leave room for
different interpretations:
ASTM A 416 specifies strands in terms of "minimum breaking

strength," measured as force. ASTM A722 specifies bars in terms of
"minimum ultimate tensile strength," measured in unit-stresses.
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AASHTO and ACI 318 have notations and definitions for ultimate
prestressing steel unit-stresses fpu and f’s, respectively, which must be
understood as "nominal" unit-stresses, based on "nominal" steel ar-
eas, as necessary for design purposes.
AASHTO also uses for design purposes "factored" tendon forces

(Pu), which are not identical to tendon forces expressed as MUTS.
ACI 318 does not have an expression for tendon forces.
AASHTO also expresses ultimate tendon forces as Fpu. However, it

is not clear if this expression defines ultimate tendon forces as the
multiple of the tendon element's (strand, bar) minimum ultimate ten-
sile forces, or if it takes the reduction of tendon capacity due to an-
chorage efficiency into account.

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3RVWWHQVLRQLQJV\VWHP376±$SDUWLFXODUVL]HWHQGRQLQFOXGLQJSUH Post-tensioning system - Different size tendons may have similar
VWUHVVLQJVWHHODQFKRUDJHVORFDO]RQHUHLQIRUFHPHQWGXFWWUXPSHWV features, but for the purpose of this specification they are defined as
FRXSOHUVJURXWFDSVLQOHWVRXWOHWVDOOVXSSOLHGE\DVLQJOHVXSSOLHU separate systems, each requiring testing as specified herein. Only
fully loaded anchorage assemblies need to be tested as a separate
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system; a tendon with 10 strands in a12 strand system does not need
separate testing provided the duct size is the same as for a fully
loaded tendon and the strand distribution in the wedge plate is uni-
form.

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6HWWLQJ±7KHSURFHVV²GXHWRWKHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQV²RFFXUULQJDIWHU
WKHDGGLWLRQRIPL[LQJZDWHUZKLFKUHVXOWVLQDJUDGXDOGHYHORSPHQWRI
ULJLGLW\RIDFHPHQWLWLRXVPL[WXUH
6KHDWKLQJ±*HQHUDOWHUPIRUWKHGXFWPDWHULDOVXUURXQGLQJWKHSUH Sheathing - Sheathing used as conduit is herein referenced to as

VWUHVVLQJHOHPHQWWRSURYLGHFRUURVLRQSURWHFWLRQRUFRQGXLWIRULQVWDOOD duct. This definition of sheathing also covers transitions.
WLRQ

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WKDQWLPHVWKHQRPLQDOGLDPHWHURIWKHVWUDQG
6WUHVVFRUURVLRQFUDFNLQJ±%ULWWOHFUDFNLQJSURFHVVFDXVHGE\WKHFRQ Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) - SCC is a complex phenome-

MRLQWDFWLRQRIWHQVLOHVWUHVVDQGDFRUURGHQW non, influenced by the metallurgy of the material, the chemistry of
the environment, and the stress field. Generally, susceptibility of
high strength steels to SCC increases with increasing yield strength,
exposure to marine environment, to solutions containing chloride,
and in some cases to SO4, PO4, NO4 ions, and possibly others (10).

6WUHVVLQJMDFN±+\GUDXOLFMDFNGHVLJQHGIRUWKHH[SOLFLWSXUSRVHRI
VWUHVVLQJRQHRUPRUHVWUDQGVRUEDUWRWKHGHVLUHGORDGVRPHWLPHVDOVR
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7HQGRQ±$VLQJOHRUJURXSRISUHVWUHVVLQJHOHPHQWVDQGWKHLUDQFKRU Tendon - Consists of a single tendon element (strand or bar) or a

DJHDVVHPEOLHVZKLFKLPSDUWWKHSUHVWUHVVIRUFHWRDVWUXFWXUDOPHP bundle of such elements. The tendon is stressed by a hydraulic jack
EHU$OVRLQFOXGHGDUHGXFWVJURXWLQJDWWDFKPHQWVJURXWDQGFRUURVLRQ and the reactions impart compression forces on the structure to
SURWHFWLYHPDWHULDOVRUFRDWLQJV which they are anchored. Tendons are most widely used in pre-
stressed concrete structures. They are also used to increase the
strength capacity of masonry, steel, and timber structures, and for
rehabilitations and retrofitting of structures.

7HQGRQVL]H±7KHQXPEHURILQGLYLGXDOVWUDQGVRIDFHUWDLQVWUDQGGL
DPHWHURUWKHGLDPHWHURIDEDU

7HQGRQW\SH±'HVFULSWLRQRIWHQGRQUHODWLYHWRORFDWLRQLQWKHFRQFUHWH
HOHPHQWDQGRUIXQFWLRQDOXVHWKDWLVLQWHUQDOH[WHUQDOFDQWLOHYHU
WUDQVYHUVHORQJLWXGLQDOFRQWLQXLW\VWHPZDOOWRSVODEDQGVRRQ

7UXPSHW±7UDQVLWLRQSLHFHEHWZHHQEHDULQJSODWHDQGGXFWZKLFKFRO
OHFWVWKHVWUDQGVLQWRDWLJKWEXQGOHWKDWILWVLQVLGHWKHGXFW

9ROXPHFKDQJH±7KHFKDQJHLQYROXPHSURGXFHGE\FRQWLQXHGK\GUD
WLRQRIFHPHQWH[FOXGLQJHIIHFWVRIWKHDSSOLHGORDGDQGFKDQJHLQWKHU
PDORUPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW
:HGJH±$FRQLFDOO\VKDSHGGHYLFHW\SLFDOO\FRQWDLQLQJWZRRUWKUHH Wedge - Strands are anchored by wedges, which have serrated

SLHFHVZKLFKDQFKRUVWKHVWUDQGLQWKHZHGJHSODWH surfaces (teeth) in contact with the strands and smooth cone shaped
outside surfaces, which bear against the smooth cone shaped wedge
holes in the wedge plate. Two or three-part wedges grip each
strand and anchor the strands by friction. The friction is enhanced
by the indentations the wedge teeth bite into the strands.
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:HGJHSODWHDQFKRUKHDG±7KHKDUGZDUHWKDWKROGVWKHZHGJHVRID Wedge plate - For a multi strand tendon this is a machined,
PXOWLVWUDQGWHQGRQDQGWUDQVIHUVWKHIRUFHIURPWKHVWUDQGVWRWKHEHDU forged, or cast metal disk with multiple conical wedge holes.
LQJSODWH

:REEOH±)ULFWLRQFDXVHGE\XQLQWHQGHGGXFWGHYLDWLRQVEHWZHHQSUR
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=RQHDQFKRUDJH±7KHSRUWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHLQZKLFKWKHSUHVWUHVV Zone, anchorage - By the Saint-Veńant Principle, the extent of

LQJIRUFHLVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPWKHDQFKRUDJHGHYLFHRQWRWKHORFDO]RQHRI this region is limited, but for practical purposes it can be taken as
WKHFRQFUHWHDQGWKHQGLVWULEXWHGPRUHZLGHO\LQWRWKHJHQHUDO]RQHRI equal to the largest cross-sectional dimension of the member. Its ex-
WKHVWUXFWXUH tent is equal to the largest dimension of the cross section. It includes
the local and general anchorage zones.
)RUDQFKRUDJHGHYLFHVORFDWHGDZD\IURPWKHHQGRIWKHPHPEHUWKH Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9 Post-Ten-

DQFKRUDJH]RQHLQFOXGHVWKHGLVWXUEHGUHJLRQVEHKLQGDQGDKHDGRIWKH sioned Anchorage Zone.
DQFKRUDJH

Zone, general - The general anchorage zone extends from the
=RQHJHQHUDO±5HJLRQDGMDFHQWWRWKHDQFKRUDJHGHYLFHZLWKLQZKLFK anchorage along the axis of the member for a distance equal to the
WKHSUHVWUHVVLQJIRUFHVSUHDGVRXWWRDQHVVHQWLDOO\OLQHDUVWUHVVGLVWULEX overall depth of the member. The height of the general anchorage
WLRQRYHUWKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUH6DLQW9HQDQW5HJLRQ zone is equal to the overall depth of the member. It includes the
local anchorage zone.

The main consideration in general zone design is to determine and
provide for the flow of stress and forces as the concentrated tendon
forces spreads out into the structure. The behavior of this Zone
depends primarily on tendon forces and arrangements, stressing
sequence, geometry of the structure, and other loads in the tendon
3DJH RI
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anchorage zone, e.g., bearing/reaction forces. It is independent of

the shape of the anchorage assembly. These design elements are
controlled solely by the Design Engineer.
General Zone reinforcement, which includes bursting and spalling

reinforcement, should be included with the bid item for all other
reinforcing steel, as it is not part of the post-tensioning system.
For more detailed and in-depth discussion of the General Zone and
its geometry, readers are directed to PTI Anchor Zone Design (x)
The Design Engineer is responsible for the general zone design.
Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9.2.2 General

Zone.
Zone, local - Test block dimensions specified in PTI’s “Acceptance

=RQHORFDO±7KHYROXPHRIFRQFUHWHWKDWVXUURXQGVDQGLVLPPHGL
Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems,” Section 3.2.1 essentially
DWHO\DKHDGRIWKHDQFKRUDJHGHYLFH
represent the local zone for special bearing plates. (See also
confinement reinforcement.)
For more detailed and in-depth discussion of the Local Zone and its
geometry, refer to PTI Anchor Zone Design (x)
The post-tensioning supplier (PTS) is responsible for local zone

design and testing in conjunction with tendon anchorage
components.
Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9.2.3 Local
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Zone.
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The Engineer determines the tendon PL required for the project
)XUQLVKDQGLQVWDOO376PHHWLQJWKHIROORZLQJPLQLPXPUHTXLUHPHQWV based upon the aggressivity of the environment, the exposure of the
IRUWKHWHQGRQ3/DVLGHQWLILHGLQWKH&RQWUDFW'RFXPHQWV structure or element, the protection provided by the structure, the
design life and identifies the tendon PL in the Contract Documents.
Assistance in determining tendon PL can be found in Fédération In-
ternational du Béton (fib), Bulletin 33, Recommendation, “Durabil-
ity of post-tensioning tendons”(11) and Krauser, “Selecting Post-Ten-
sioning Tendon Protection Levels”, fib Symposium Prague 2011(12).
The Subcontractor should supply a PTS which, at a minimum, will

provide the protection that is identified in the Contract Documents.
The contractor may supply a PTS meeting the requirements of a
higher tendon PL or may include features in the PTS of a higher ten-
don PL.
Refer to Appendix 2 for typical anchorage protection details of the

different PLs.
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'XFWZLWKILOOLQJPDWHULDOSURYLGLQJGXUDEOHFRUURVLRQSURWHFWLRQ PL-1A provides basic protection against corrosion
3HUIRUPDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWV
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PTI M55.1-12(13), “Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned
x 'XFWVXIILFLHQWO\VWURQJDQGGXUDEOHIRUIDEULFDWLRQWUDQVSRUWD
Structures” provides additional information of grouts and grouting.
WLRQLQVWDOODWLRQFRQFUHWHSODFHPHQWDQGWHQGRQVWUHVVLQJVXIIL Grout procedures leaving no voids are critical to the long-term

FLHQWO\OHDNWLJKWIRUFRQFUHWHSODFLQJDQGJURXWLQMHFWLRQ'XFW performance of the tendon.
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3/$SOXVHQJLQHHUHGJURXWDQGSHUPDQHQWJURXWFDS PL-1B provides somewhat better protection against corrosion
than the basic protection provided by PL-1A.
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Galvanized duct, plastic duct, or plastic pipe can be used in PL-
1B.

x 'XFWVXIILFLHQWO\VWURQJDQGGXUDEOHIRUIDEULFDWLRQWUDQVSRUWD PTI M55.1-12(13), “Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned
WLRQLQVWDOODWLRQFRQFUHWHSODFHPHQWDQGWHQGRQVWUHVVLQJVXIIL Structures” provides additional information on grouts and grouting.
FLHQWO\OHDNWLJKWIRUFRQFUHWHSODFLQJDQGJURXWLQMHFWLRQ'XFW Grout procedures leaving no voids are critical to the long-term
VKDOOPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI6HFWLRQDQGPD\EHRQHRI performance of the tendon.
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3/%SOXVDQHQYHORSHHQFORVLQJWKHWHQVLOHHOHPHQWEXQGOHRYHULWV PL-2 provides better protection against corrosion than the basic
IXOOOHQJWKDQGSURYLGLQJDSHUPDQHQWOHDNWLJKWEDUULHU protection provided by PL-1B.
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In order to achieve a watertight and impermeable to moisture en-
velope over the prestressing element, only plastic duct or plastic

pipe can be used in PL-2. Galvanized duct is not watertight and im-
permeable to moisture penetration.
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x *DOYDQL]HRUHSR[\FRDWWKHHPEHGGHGSDUWRIWKHDQFKRUDJH
x 3HUPDQHQWJURXWFDSVPHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI6HFWLRQ Precast segmental duct couplers maintain a leak tight barrier
against intrusion of water at segment joints.
x (QYHORSHWREHZDWHUWLJKWDQGLPSHUPHDEOHWRZDWHUYDSRURYHU PTI M55.1-12(13), “Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned
HQWLUHOHQJWK(QYHORSHPDWHULDOWREHFKHPLFDOO\VWDEOHZLWKRXW Structures” provides additional information of grouts and grouting.
HPEULWWOHPHQWRUVRIWHQLQJGXULQJDQWLFLSDWHGH[SRVXUHWHPSHUD
WXUHUDQJHDQGVHUYLFHOLIHQRIUHHFKORULGHLRQVH[WUDFWDEOHIURP Grout procedures leaving no voids are critical to the long-term
PDWHULDO'XFWVKDOOPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI6HFWLRQDQG performance of the tendon.
PD\EHRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJ
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WLRQSHU6HFWLRQ
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3/SOXVHOHFWULFDOLVRODWLRQRIWHQGRQRUHQFDSVXODWLRQWREHPRQ PL-3 provides the same protection against corrosion as the pro-
LWRUDEOHRULQVSHFWDEOHDWDQ\WLPH tection provided by PL-2 along with the ability to monitor or inspect
the tendon for corrosion or deterioration and to verify the duct enve-
x 376VKDOOSURYLGHFRPSOHWHHOHFWULFLVRODWLRQRIHQWLUHWHQGRQDQG
lope has not been damaged during construction.
PHHWWKHV\VWHPSUHVVXUHWHVWVFRQWDLQHGLQ6HFWLRQ
x 376VKDOOKDYHWKHDELOLW\WREHPRQLWRUDEOHRULQVSHFWDEOHDWDQ\ In order to achieve a watertight and impermeable to moisture en-
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velope over the prestressing element, only plastic duct or plastic
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pipe can be used in PL-3. Galvanized duct is not watertight and im-
permeable to moisture penetration.

x (QYHORSHWREHZDWHUWLJKWDQGLPSHUPHDEOHWRZDWHUYDSRURYHU Precast segmental duct couplers maintain a leak tight barrier
HQWLUHOHQJWK(QYHORSHPDWHULDOWREHFKHPLFDOO\VWDEOHZLWKRXW against intrusion of water at segment joints.
HPEULWWOHPHQWRUVRIWHQLQJGXULQJDQWLFLSDWHGH[SRVXUHWHPSHUD PTI M55.1-12(13), “Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned
WXUHUDQJHDQGVHUYLFHOLIHQRIUHHFKORULGHLRQVH[WUDFWDEOHIURP Structures” provides additional information of grouts and grouting.
PDWHULDO'XFWVKDOOPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI6HFWLRQDQG
PD\EHRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJ Grout procedures leaving no voids are critical to the long-term
o 3ODVWLFGXFWSHU6HFWLRQ performance of the tendon.
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Monitoring of Electrically Isolated Tendons (EIT) provides relia-
ble assurance to owners that tendons are properly installed and pro-
WLRQSHU6HFWLRQ
vide the full encapsulation specified. It also can provide an early
warning system that can detect when a tendon is compromised by in-
VWUHVVLQJVWHHODQGWHQGRQGXFWDQGVKDOOFRQIRUPWR gress of water possibly contaminated with chlorides into the duct en-
o (QJLQHHUHGJURXW&ODVV&RU'SHU37,¶V³6SHFLILFDWLRQIRU velope. EIT criterion requires well detailed post-tensioning systems
*URXWLQJRI3RVW7HQVLRQHG6WUXFWXUHV´DQG with suitable connectors, correctly detailed reinforcement/cross-sec-
o 7KL[RWURSLFLQQDWXUH tions to avoid damaging the system, and quality installation and
x *URXWILOOLQJSURFHGXUHWROHDYHQRYRLGVLQGXFW concrete placement.
When monitoring tendons, the designer should place the anchor-

ages and monitoring connections where there is easy and convenient
access for the monitoring equipment and maintenance of the moni-
toring equipment. Electrical cables for monitoring should be col-
lected in cabinets allowing access for measurements or direct on-
line monitoring. By providing electrical connections at both ten-
don ends, measurement techniques can be used to identify the loca-
tion of the breech/corrosion.
3DJH RI
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Additional information on EIT and monitoring can be found in ref-

erences 13, 14, 15, and 16.
Stray electrical currents are a risk to the durability of post-ten-

sioning tendons. PL3 can be used to encapsulate and protect ten-
dons from stray currents both at the entry (causing hydrogen embrit-
tlement) and at the exit point (causing intensified metal dissolution)
of the prestressing steel. Monitoring can verify the protection of the
tendon. If tendon encapsulation is compromised, tendons may be
electrically connected to the earth at both tendon ends to avoid dam-
age from the stray currents.

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7UDFHDELOLW\VKDOOEHSURYLGHGIRUDOOORDGEHDULQJRUORDGWUDQVIHUFRP Traceability of materials and components is a responsibility of the
SRQHQWVRIWKHSRVWWHQVLRQLQJV\VWHP6SHFLILFDOO\LQFOXGHGDUHWKHIRO Supplier and the Contractor. As materials are delivered to the site
ORZLQJFRPSRQHQWVPDWHULDOVVWUDQGEDUEHDULQJSODWHVZHGJHSODWHV the Contractor must accurately document where each heat or batch
ZHGJHVQXWVFRXSOHUVGXFWGXFWFRXSOHUVSLSHWUXPSHWVJURXWWXEHV is used within the structure. These records are provided to the owner
DQGSHUPDQHQWJURXWFDSV upon completion.

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²6WUDQG C4.2.1 Strand
ASTM A 416 Strand
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8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGRQWKHFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWVXVHXQFRDWHG For most applications strand conforming to ASTM A416 is ade-

VWUDQGPHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670$*UDGHORZUHOD[D quate. The specification provides minimum requirements for me-
WLRQVHYHQZLUHVWUDQG chanical properties (yield, breaking strength, elongation) and maxi-
mum allowable dimensional tolerances.
Packaging of Strand
ASTM A 416 requires that strand must be well protected in ship-
ping against material injury, which includes damage from corro-
sion, stress corrosion, or hydrogen embrittlement through contact
with deleterious chemicals. ASTM A 416 leaves the prescription of
the necessary level of protection to the project specifications, which
should take the special structural and environmental project condi-
tions into account.
Strand manufacturers, in cooperation with the California Trans-

portation Department, developed an effective corrosion protective
packing, known in the trade as CALWRAP, which meets the corro-
sion protective requirements of Caltrans Standard Specification,
Section 50. CALWRAP provides long term corrosion protection for
strand if stored off the ground and in a dry place. For most bridge
projects equivalent packaging is specified. For building projects
standard packaging provided by the strand manufacturers is nor-
mally adequate.
²%DU C 4.2.2 Bars
8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGRQWKHFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWVXVHXQFRDWHG ASTM A722 covers plain (Type I) and deformed (TYPE II) hot
KLJKVWUHQJWKWKUHDGEDUPHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670$ rolled, cold stressed and stress relieved bar. The ASTM specification
*UDGH
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is interpreted as a performance specification for physical bar prop-

)RUJURXWHGWHQGRQVGRQRWXVHJDOYDQL]HGEDUV erties and covers various manufacturing processes, as hot rolled,
cold drawn, and cold deformed bars.
Steels with tensile strengths exceeding 150ksi may exhibit sensitiv-

ity or embrittlement due to hydrogen. Galvanized bars are not per-
mitted for use as a grouted tendon. During curing, the alkaline na-
ture of the cement paste can corrode the zinc coating resulting in hy-
drogen evolution. This hydrogen MAY diffuse into the steel and
cause embrittlement issues which in turn could lead to premature
failure of the tendon.
Effective long-term corrosion protection, is provided by grouting

bars inside plastic duct. The alkaline cement grout passivates the
bar surface and the plastic duct acts as a moisture barrier. Such
corrosion protection requires special anchorage details to maintain
thread-ability and corrosion protection.
4.2.3 – Special Prestressing Materials C 4.2.3 – Special Prestressing Materials

3UHVWUHVVLQJPDWHULDOVQRWFRQIRUPLQJWRVHFWLRQVDQGDUH This section applies to post-tensioning steel in sizes and grades
DFFHSWDEOHSURYLGHGVXFKPDWHULDOVDUHH[WHQVLYHO\WHVWHGWRHVWDEOLVK which ASTM A416 and A722 do not cover; it also covers wire con-
WKDWWKHLUSURSHUWLHVDUHHTXDOWRRUEHWWHUWKDQWKRVHVSHFLILHGLQWKLV forming to ASTM A 421. This section also applies to nonmetallic
GRFXPHQW6XFKPDWHULDOVDQGWKHLUDQFKRUDJHPXVWEHWKRURXJKO\ materials, which are under development and may find wide range of
WHVWHGDQGHYDOXDWHGIRUGXFWLOLW\EHQGLQJSURSHUWLHVIDWLJXHUHOD[DWLRQ applications in the future.
ERQGVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRPHFKDQLFDOGDPDJHHIIHFWRIKRWDQGFROGWHP Glass fiber and carbon fiber tendons (Aramid, Kevlar) have been
SHUDWXUHVDQGFKHPLFDODWWDFN installed in a few prototype structures.

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4.3.1 — General
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4.3.2 — Post-tensioning anchorages
/RFDO]RQHVDQGUHODWHGDQFKRUDJHGHYLFHVVKDOOEHGHVLJQHGDQG
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4.3.3 — Permanent grout caps C4.3.3 — Permanent grout caps
8VHSHUPDQHQWJURXWFDSVPDGHIURPDSSURYHGSRO\PHU$670$ This section applies to the types of materials that are used to make
7\SHVWDLQOHVVVWHHORU$670$JDOYDQL]HGIHUURXVPHWDO7KH permanent grout caps. ASTM D5989 stipulates the properties of
DSSURYHGUHVLQVIRUXVHLQWKHSRO\PHUVKDOOKDYHXOWUDYLROHQW>89@VWDEL various classes of nylon that can be used for extrusion or monomer
OL]HUDGGHG6HDOWKHFDSWRWKHEHDULQJSODWHZLWK³2ÚLQJVHDOVJDV cast grout caps. ASTM D4066 stipulates the properties of various
NHWVRUSUHFLVLRQILWWHGIODWJDVNHWV3ODFHDJURXWYHQWRQWKHWRSRIWKH classes of nylon that can be used for injection molding of the grout
FDS*URXWFDSVVKDOOEHSUHVVXUHWHVWHGSULRUWRJURXWLQMHFWLRQDQGFHU cap. Acceptable callout designations are noted. Some types of ny-
WLILHGWRDPLQLPXPSUHVVXUHRISVLE\WKH376VXSSOLHU8VH$670 lon have sufficient durability and other types of nylon require addi-
)7\SHVWDLQOHVVVWHHOEROWVWRDWWDFKWKHFDSWRWKHDQFKRUDJH tion of additives to provide the required durability. For added
strength glass fiber may be added to nylon that is injection molded.

4.3.4 — Bar couplers C4.3.4 Bar couplers
+LJKVWUHQJWKEDUFRXSOHUVVKDOOPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670$ Consider using couplers equipped with set screws or use lock nuts
DQGVKDOOGHYHORSRIWKHVSHFLILHGWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKfpuRIWKHEDU on each side of a coupler to fix the coupler in position.
ZKHQWHVWHGLQDQXQERQGHGVWDWH7HVWDQGSURYLGHZULWWHQFHUWLILFDWLRQ
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VKDOOEHHQFORVHGLQHQFORVXUHORQJHQRXJKWRSHUPLWWKHQHFHVVDU\ Marking the bar with tape or paint to verify full engagement may
PRYHPHQWV7HQGRQHQFORVXUHVKDOOEHGHVLJQHGVRWKDWFRPSOHWH assist in visually checking that couplers are fully engaged.
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4.3.5 — Duct C4.3.5 Duct

)RUPXOWLVWUDQGWHQGRQVSURYLGHGXFWVZLWKDPLQLPXPFURVVVHF It is necessary to size the duct larger than the area of prestressing
WLRQDODUHDWZRDQGDKDOIWLPHVWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKHSUH steel to allow for proper installation, placing tolerance and ade-
VWUHVVLQJVWHHOEDVHGRQWKHLQVLGHGLDPHWHURIWKHGXFW)RUSUHVWUHVV quate space for grout to bond the prestressing steel to the duct and
LQJEDUVSURYLGHWKHGXFWZLWKDPLQLPXPLQVLGHGLDPHWHURIDWOHDVW thus to the concrete. The length of the tendon, the total curvature
LQODUJHUWKDQWKHRXWVLGHGLDPHWHURIWKHEDUPHDVXUHGDFURVVWKHGH of the tendon, and the method of installation of prestressing steel,
IRUPDWLRQV)RUSUHVWUHVVLQJEDUVZLWKFRXSOHUVVL]HWKHGXFWWREH pushing or pulling, could affect the ratio of duct ID to prestressing
LQODUJHUWKDQWKHRXWVLGHGLDPHWHURIWKHEDUDQGRUFRXSOHU steel. Longer tendons may necessitate a ratio greater than two-
and-a-half. Tendons that have great curvature or many spans may
necessitate a ratio greater than two-and-a-half.
Past experience has shown that bar tendons with 1/4 in. clear on
all sides is enough to allow placing of the prestressing bar and is
adequate for grout bonding. Note that prestressing bars are typi-
cally installed in the duct prior to concreting.
A variety of different duct material types are suitable for post-ten-

sioning systems, depending on the Tendon PL and application. Duct
types are identified in 4.3.5.1 through 4.3.5.3.
4.3.5.1 — Corrugated metal duct C 4.3.5.1 Corrugated metal duct

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PHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670$$0FRDWLQJGHVLJQDWLRQ ing tendons. Corrugated metal duct is typically manufactured in a
*'XFWVVKDOOEHIDEULFDWHGZLWKHLWKHUZHOGHGRULQWHUORFNHGVHDPV duct corrugator that takes flat metal sheets and through rollers it
*DOYDQL]LQJRIZHOGHGVHDPVLVUHTXLUHG6HPLULJLGGXFWVVKDOOEHFRU applies corrugations, creates a round shape, and seams the flat
UXJDWHGDQGWKHLUPLQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVVVKDOOEHDVIROORZVJDXJH sheets together. When welding seams, re-galvanizing of the seams
IRUGXFWVOHVVWKDQRUHTXDOWRLQGLDPHWHUJDXJHIRUGXFWV is required to maintain protection of the metal. Wall thicknesses
JUHDWHUWKDQLQGLDPHWHU can be greater than that shown at the subcontractor’s option but
cannot be thinner.
Corrugated metal duct is considered semi-rigid. It should have

sufficient longitudinal stiffness to achieve a smooth duct profile, but
be flexible enough to form common duct profiles without pre-bend-
ing. The depth and spacing of spiral ribs is determined by the re-
quirement to resist fluid concrete pressure, denting during handling
and installation, and damage from concentrated forces at support
points.
Corrugated metal duct is normally grout tight but not necessarily

water or vapor-tight.
4.3.5.2 — Corrugated plastic duct C 4.3.5.2 Corrugated plastic duct

8VHVHDPOHVVIDEULFDWLRQPHWKRGVWRPDQXIDFWXUHFRUUXJDWHGSODVWLF Corrugated plastic duct is normally used for internal post-tension-
GXFW0DQXIDFWXUHIURPYLUJLQXQILOOHGQRQFRORUHGSRO\SURS\OHQHPHHW ing tendons. The cell classification ranges shown apply to the base
LQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670'ZLWKDFHOOFODVVLILFDWLRQUDQJHRI material. Performance testing to confirm adequacy of the material
33%WR33%RUSRO\HWK\OHQHIDEULFDWHGIURPUHV and duct system is shown in Section 4.4.4. Certain characteristics
LQVPHHWLQJRUH[FHHGLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670'ZLWKDFHOO of polypropylene and polyethylene may enhance different aspects of
FODVVLILFDWLRQRIUDQJHRI3('WR3(' the duct system and should be taken into account when choosing a
polymer.
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)VKDOOEHPDQXIDFWXUHGIURPYLUJLQXQILOOHGQRQFRORUHGSRO\SUR weather additives are sometimes added to the duct during manufac-
S\OHQHPHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670'ZLWKDFHOOFODVVLILFD ture to enhance cold weather performance. These additives should
WLRQUDQJHRI33%WR33%RUSRO\HWK\OHQHIDEUL be considered when the polymer duct system is exposed to cold
FDWHGIURPUHVLQVPHHWLQJRUH[FHHGLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670 weather construction.
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It is important that the duct system supplied to a project will be-
&HOOFODVVLILFDWLRQWHVWLQJVKDOOEHSHUIRUPHGE\DQLQGHSHQGHQWODEIRU have the same as the material that was performance tested.
WKHLQLWLDOYHQGRUEDWFKDQGRQFHDQQXDOO\0DWHULDOFHUWLILFDWLRQVVKDOOEH
VXEPLWWHGWRWKH2ZQHUIRUHDFKEDWFKRIPDWHULDOXVHGRQDSURMHFW Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) and Environmental Stress Crack-
'XFWORWQXPEHUVVKDOOEHPDLQWDLQHGWRWUDFNEDWFKWHVWVWRGXFWVSUR ing (ESC) testing is performed on end product and confirm the duct
GXFHG system’s materials ability to remain stable when exposed to certain
test conditions. The test conditions chosen should satisfy most site
7KHFRUUXJDWHGSODVWLFGXFWVKDOOFRQWDLQDQWLR[LGDQWVZLWKDPLQL conditions when the materials will not be exposed to the elements for
PXPR[LGDWLRQLQGXFWLRQWLPH2,7DFFRUGLQJWR$670'RI extended periods of time.
PLQXWHVDQGFRQWDLQLQJDQRQ\HOORZLQJOLJKWVWDELOL]HU(QYLURQPHQWDO
VWUHVVFUDFNLQJRIWKHFRUUXJDWHGSODVWLFGXFWVKDOOEHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK The minimum wall thicknesses shown in Table 4.1 are prior to
$670)DWSVLIRUKRXUV wear testing per Section 4.4.4.
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4.3.5.3 — Smooth HDPE duct C4.3.5.3 Smooth HDPE duct

8VHDVPRRWKGXFWPDQXIDFWXUHGIURPYLUJLQSRO\HWK\OHQHUHVLQ Smooth HDPE duct is normally used for external post-tensioning
PHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$670'ZLWKDPLQLPXPFHOOFODVVRI tendons. Many times, the duct is a water, sewer, or gas pipe that is
&8VHUHVLQFRQWDLQLQJDQWLR[LGDQWV3HUIRUP2,7WHVWRQVDP manufactured with high-density polyethylene containing antioxi-
SOHVWDNHQIURPWKHILQLVKHGSURGXFWUHVXOWLQJLQDPLQLPXP2,7DFFRUG dants.
LQJWR$670'RIPLQXWHV0DQXIDFWXUHGXFWZLWKDGLPHQVLRQ
UDWLR'5RIRUOHVVDVVSHFLILHGE\HLWKHU$670'RU$670 In the past, smooth polyethylene pipe “PE3408” was supplied as
)XVLQJDSSURSULDWHGLPHQVLRQVDQGWROHUDQFHV8VHDVPRRWKGXFW water pressure pipe, which was shorthand for an ASTM D3350 com-
PHHWLQJWKHPLQLPXPSUHVVXUHUDWLQJZRUNLQJSUHVVXUHRISVLDQG monly specified pipe. At some point in time, industry divided
PDQXIDFWXUHGWRHLWKHURIWKHIROORZLQJVSHFLILFDWLRQV$670'RU PE3408 into more accurate pipe values PE3408, PE3608, and
$670) PE4710 to identify higher quality of polyethylene resin. PE3608 and
PE4710 have the same dimensions, except the pressure rating for
0LQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVVVKDOOEHdZKHUHdLVWKHRXWVLGHGLDPHWHU PE3608 is 100 psi and PE4710 is 125 psi. Therefore, industry con-
RIWKHGXFW tinues to transition to the higher PE4710 material properties which
could be used for PE3608 and PE4710 specified projects. The
PE4710 commonly has an ASTM D3350 cell class of 445574C,
which is currently used for grouted PT ducts.
The "C" describes black material with 2% minimum carbon as UV

stabilizer. The relatively low density and strength of such ducts and
related susceptibility to damage during installation requires caution,
especially for large, long, or curved ducts.
The large thermal expansion of HDPE duct, relative to the ap-

proximately 6x10-6 in/in/ºF (11x10-6 mm/mm/°C) of steel or concrete,
may require long couplers to compensate for temperature differ-
ences between night and day. Softening of the plastic when hot may
cause undesirable sagging between support points and denting at
support points.
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Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) testing is performed on end prod-

uct and confirm the duct materials ability to remain stable when ex-
posed to certain test conditions. The test conditions chosen should
satisfy most site conditions when the materials will be used within a
concrete box girder bridge. When external tendons are not within
a box or are continuously exposed to the elements, consideration
should be given to the appropriate OIT test conditions.
The dimension ratio (DR) typically gives the required wall thick-
ness of the duct for a specific diameter.
The minimum pressure rating is to assure that the duct does not
split during the grouting process. If higher pressures are used dur-
ing grouting or expansive agents are used within the grout, consid-
eration of these factors shall be applied to the choice of smooth
HDPE duct.
Single slightly lower test results out of several passing tests may
not signify that the duct is of lower quality than specified.
4.3.6 — Duct connections and fittings C4.3.6 Duct Connections and Fittings
0DNHDOOVSOLFHVMRLQWVFRXSOLQJVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVWRGXFWDQGDQ Duct connections and fitting are an integral part of the duct sys-
FKRUDJHVZLWKGHYLFHVRUPHWKRGVPHFKDQLFDOFRXSOHUVSODVWLF tem and, as such, must meet certain performance criterion.
VOHHYHVKHDWVKULQNVOHHYHSURGXFLQJDVPRRWKLQWHULRUDOLJQPHQWZLWK
QROLSVRUNLQNV'HVLJQDOOFRQQHFWLRQVDQGILWWLQJVWREHFRQFUHWHSDVWH A smooth interior alignment is necessary when installing pre-
WLJKWZKHQLQVWDOOHGDQGFDVWLQWRFRQFUHWHSULRUWRSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHOLQ stressing steel so that the prestressing steel does not “hang-up” on a
VWDOODWLRQILWWLQJVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVVKDOOEHFDSDEOHRIZLWKVWDQGLQJIW lip or kink.
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Concrete applies a fluid pressure on the duct that may collapse or
ovalize the duct thus making installing the prestressing steel or
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VWHHOSULRUWRFRQFUHWLQJILWWLQJVDQGJDVNHWVVKDOOEHFDSDEOHRIZLWK grouting the tendons difficult or impossible. 10 ft concrete fluid

VWDQGLQJIWRIFRQFUHWHIOXLGSUHVVXUH$OOFRQQHFWLRQVDQGILWWLQJVIRU pressure is considered the maximum height of concrete placement
3/DQG3/VKDOOEHDLUWLJKWDQGZDWHUWLJKW7DSHVHDOHGFRQQHFWLRQV before the concrete begins to harden thus no longer applying a fluid
DUHSHUPLWWHGLQ3/RQO\EXWVKDOOPHHWVHDOLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH pressure. If the duct system will experience greater concrete fluid
IOXLGSUHVVXUH pressures (such as when using self-consolidating concrete or thin
vertical concrete members), consideration of these higher pressures
should be applied to the choice of the duct system.

4.3.7 — Heat-shrink sleeves C4.3.7 Heat-shrink sleeves
+HDWVKULQNVOHHYHVVKDOOKDYHXQLGLUHFWLRQDOFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOUHFRYHU\ Heat-shrink sleeves are many times used at duct-to-duct and duct-
PDQXIDFWXUHGVSHFLILFDOO\IRUWKHVL]HRIWKHGXFWEHLQJFRXSOHGFRQVLVW to-anchorage connections to achieve performance requirements re-
LQJRIDQLUUDGLDWHGDQGFURVVOLQNHGKLJKGHQVLW\SRO\HWK\OHQHEDFNLQJ lated to sealing connections and fittings for specific pressures. Sec-
IRUH[WHUQDODSSOLFDWLRQVDQGOLQHDUGHQVLW\SRO\HWK\OHQHIRULQWHUQDODS tion 9.8 includes some additional information on lengths and over-
SOLFDWLRQV)XUQLVKDGKHVLYHKDYLQJWKHVDPHERQGYDOXHWRVWHHODQG laps.
SRO\ROHILQSODVWLFPDWHULDOV(QVXUHWKHKHDWVKULQNVOHHYHVKDYHDQDG
KHVLYHOD\HUWKDWZLOOZLWKVWDQG)RSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHDQGPHHW Proper installation of heat-shrink sleeves is important to maintain
WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI7DEOH the quality of connection and manufacturer’s recommendations
should be used. The heat-shrink sleeve must be sealed on all sides
,QVWDOOKHDWVKULQNVOHHYHVXVLQJSURFHGXUHVDQGPHWKRGVLQDFFRUG evenly to perform correctly – sometimes this is not easy in the field.
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4.3.8 — Precast segmental duct couplers C4.3.8 — Precast Segmental Duct Couplers
376LQWHQGHGIRUXVHZLWKSUHFDVWVHJPHQWDOFRQVWUXFWLRQVKDOOLQ Precast segmental duct couplers are used for continuity of the ten-
FOXGHGXFWFRXSOHUVDWWKHVHJPHQWMRLQWVIRU7HQGRQV3/DQG3/XQ don envelope across segment joints in precast segmental construc-
OHVVRWKHUZLVHVSHFLILHGLQWKH&RQWUDFW'RFXPHQWV(QVXUHWKDWWKH tion. Joints can allow entry points for water (possibly contami-
376SUHFDVWVHJPHQWDOGXFWFRXSOHUV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVDQGFRQQHF nated with corrosive agents) to attack prestressing steel. Segmen-
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tal duct couplers and polymer post-tensioning duct provide protec-
tion against water borne contaminants by enclosing the prestressing
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steel in a continuous water tight enclosure. Section 4.4.5.2 pro-
vides performance test requirements.
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o %HGHVLJQHGWRUHFHLYHDGXFWDWDPLQLPXPGHYLDWLRQDQJOH Precast segmental duct couplers can also be used with PL-1 ten-
IURPSHUSHQGLFXODUHTXDOWRWKHPD[LPXPSUHVHQWLQWKH dons if specified in the Contract Documents.
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Precast segmental duct couplers have the specified minimum
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characteristics. Greater construction flexibilities may be desired by
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the Contractor and individual precast segmental duct coupler sys-
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ments or greater flexibility may be required by a specific project site
and any additional requirements should be specified in the contract
JDVNHWVVKDOOPRXQWWRWKHIRUPEXONKHDGDQGSURYLGHIRUGXFW documents.
DOLJQPHQW
x 6KDOOEHFRPSDWLEOHZLWKSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHOFRQFUHWHJURXWDQG Sealing gaskets should compress so they do not act as shims dur-
GXFWPDWHULDODQG ing the erection process while still providing sealing capabilities re-
x 6HDOLQJJDVNHWVVKDOOQRWLQWHUIHUHZLWKHUHFWLRQRUSUHYHQWWKH quired by performance testing.
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4.3.9 — External smooth HDPE duct connections C4.3.9 — External smooth HDPE duct connections
&RQQHFWLRQVPDGHWRRUEHWZHHQ+'3(VPRRWKGXFWVKDOOPHHWWKH Couplers should be positioned to have equal engagement or over-
PLQLPXPZRUNLQJSUHVVXUHUDWLQJRISVLDQGWKHPHWKRGXVHGVKDOO lap.
UHVXOWLQDVPRRWKLQWHULRUDOLJQPHQWZLWKQROLSVRUNLQNV7KHFRQQHF
WLRQVVKDOOEHDFFRPSOLVKHGZLWKRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJPHWKRGV
x +HDWZHOGLQJWHFKQLTXHVRUHOHFWURIXVLRQFRXSOHUVLQDFFRUGDQFH
ZLWKWKHGXFWPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VLQVWUXFWLRQV
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4.3.10 — Rigid ducts and steel pipes C4.3.10 Rigid ducts and steel pipes
5LJLGGXFWVVKDOOEHFDSDEOHRIEHLQJFXUYHGWRWKHSURSHUFRQILJXUD Proper orientation and placement of pre-bent pipes is critical.
WLRQZLWKRXWFULPSLQJRUIODWWHQLQJ)RUGHYLDWLRQSLSHVLQEORFNVDQGGLD Survey should be done prior to concrete placement. Ensure the
SKUDJPVXVHJDOYDQL]HG$670$*UDGH%6FKHGXOHVWHHOSLSHV length of the rigid duct or pipe is such that it allows adequate pro-
JDOYDQL]HG$670$VWUXFWXUDOVWHHOWXELQJVPRRWK+'3(GXFWRU trusion length from concrete for proper coupling.
FRUUXJDWHGSODVWLFGXFWPHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKLVVSHFLILFDWLRQIRU
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4.3.11 — Connection tolerance between pipe and duct

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VLGHGLDPHWHUVGRQRWYDU\PRUHWKDQLQ8VHDUHGXFHUZKHQWKH
GLDPHWHUVRIWKHVWHHOSLSHDQGWKHSODVWLFGXFWDUHRXWVLGHRIWKLVWROHU
DQFH 5HGXFHUVKDOOEHPDGHRIPDWHULDOVPHHWLQJWKHVDPHUHTXLUH
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4.3.12 — Inlets, outlets, valves, and plugs
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VKXWRIIYDOYHVRUSOXJV,QOHWVRXWOHWVYDOYHVDQGSOXJVVKDOOEHGH
VLJQHGDQGWHVWHGWRUHVLVWDPLQLPXPSUHVVXUHRISVL8VHLQOHWV
DQGRXWOHWVZLWKDPLQLPXPLQVLGHGLDPHWHURILQIRUVWUDQGDQG
LQIRUVLQJOHEDUWHQGRQVDQGIRXUVWUDQGWHQGRQV3URYLGHGXDOPH
FKDQLFDOVKXWRIIYDOYHVZKHQSHUIRUPLQJYHUWLFDOJURXWLQJ6SHFLILFDOO\
GHVLJQDWHWHPSRUDU\LWHPV²QRWSDUWRIWKHSHUPDQHQWVWUXFWXUH²RQWKH
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)RUDFFHSWDQFHDQGDSSURYDORID376WKHFRPSRQHQWVDQGV\VWHP The system qualification test determines if the components as a
WHVWLQJVKDOOEHZLWQHVVHGDQGFHUWLILHGE\DQLQGHSHQGHQWWHVWLQJODERU tendon unit will perform as required.
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4.4.1 — Post-tensioning anchorages C4.4.1 Post-tensioning anchorages
Special Anchorage Device
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7HVWDQGSURYLGHWHVWUHSRUWVWKDWDQFKRUDJHVGHYHORSDWOHDVW Most suppliers have developed special anchorage devices. They

$876RIWKHSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHOZKHQWHVWHGLQDQXQERQGHGVWDWHZLWK have special shapes, frequently have multiple bearing surfaces, and
RXWH[FHHGLQJDQWLFLSDWHGVHW often are ductile iron castings. Such special anchorage devices
normally produce very high local bearing stresses on the concrete
7HVWDQGSURYLGHZULWWHQFHUWLILFDWLRQWKDWDQFKRUDJHVPHHWWKHWHVW and, therefore, require spirals or equivalent confinement reinforce-
LQJUHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKH$$6+72LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications ment in the local zone. They are not readily amenable to rational
6HFWLRQ³3UHVWUHVVLQJ´6SHFLDO$QFKRUDJH'HYLFH$FFHSWDQFH7HVW stress analysis and their adequacy must be established by tests.
6HFWLRQ7HVWWKHDQFKRUDJHLQDWHVWEORFNDFFRUGLQJWRRQH
RIWKUHHSURFHGXUHVGHVFULEHGWKDWLVF\FOLFORDGLQJVXVWDLQHGORDGLQJ Basic Bearing Plates Design Criteria
RUPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJLQIXOOFRQIRUPDQFHZLWK$$6+726HFWLRQ
The design of single and grouped basic bearing plates depends on
the size of the distribution area.
:HGJHSODWHVVKDOOSDVVWKHZHGJHSODWHWHVWSHU37,¶V³$F
FHSWDQFH6WDQGDUGVIRU3RVW7HQVLRQLQJ6\VWHPV´6HFWLRQ Wedge Plate Test Requirements
Wedge plates have very complex loading conditions and internal
stresses. Their safety margins against failure can only be established
by destructive tests, which simulate the actual loading conditions.
PTI’s “Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems”, Section
6.1 .5 specifies 3 static tests to failure.
Typical Wedge
Suppliers and manufacturers have developed a variety of different
types of wedges for particular systems and specific applications. A
standard wedge, which fits all systems and applications, has not
evolved; but most wedges have certain features in common.
A typical wedge has a five to seven-degree angle and has a length

of at least 2.5 times the nominal strand diameter. It is manufactured
from low carbon steel (AISI 12-L14 or 11-L17) or alloy steel (AISI
86L20), which are suitable for case-hardening while maintaining a
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ductile core. After machining, the wedge is case-hardened to at least

58 HRC measured at 1/3 case depth (or equivalent hardness scale),
and an effective case depth of at least 0.008 in. (0.20 mm), while
maintaining a ductile core hardness less than 46 HRC.
Cracks in Wedges
Wedges are designed to have hard surfaces, as required for the
wedge teeth to bite into the high strength strand. Wedges are also
designed to have ductile cores, which allow the wedges to adjust to
irregular strand shape and the form of the wedge holes. As wedges
deform their outer hard surfaces may crack, while the ductile cores
prevent wedges from breaking into pieces.
Surface cracks have caused concern and acceptance problems on

some projects. Experience has shown, however, that surface cracks
are not a safety hazard and do not affect the performance of strand-
wedge connections adversely. Surface cracks signify hard and brittle
surfaces.
Not acceptable are wedges that have broken into several pieces,
signifying not only hard surfaces, but also brittle cores. Neverthe-
less, wedges broken longitudinally into several slices perform ade-
quately. Horizontal or inclined breaks, however, are considered un-
acceptable.
Bar-Anchor Nut and Bar-Coupler Connection Perfor-

mance Requirements
Bars normally have threaded connections to anchor nuts and
couplers. Such connections rely on mechanical interlock and have
only a few important variables, such as: type of thread, engagement
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length, dimensional tolerances, and material strength. Their perfor-

mance can be established reliably by rational analysis and verified
by small test series.
4.4.2 — Grouting component assembly pressure test (PL-1B, PL-

2 and PL-3 only) and system safety proof test (PL-1A only)

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4.4.3 — Duct testing C 4.4.3 Duct testing

'XFWDQGGXFWFRQQHFWLRQVLQVWDOOHGDQGFDVWLQWRFRQFUHWHSULRUWRSUH Concrete applies a fluid pressure on the duct that may collapse or
VWUHVVLQJVWHHOLQVWDOODWLRQVKDOOEHFDSDEOHRIZLWKVWDQGLQJIWRIFRQ ovalize the duct thus making installing the prestressing steel or
FUHWHIOXLGSUHVVXUH'XFWDQGGXFWFRQQHFWLRQVIRUXVHZLWKVWUDLJKWSUH grouting the tendons difficult or impossible. 10 ft concrete fluid
LQVWDOOHGSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHOLQVWDOOHGSULRUWRFRQFUHWLQJVKDOOEHFDSDEOH pressure is considered the maximum height of concrete placement
RIZLWKVWDQGLQJIWRIFRQFUHWHIOXLGSUHVVXUH'XFWDQGGXFWFRQQHF before the concrete begins to harden thus no longer applying a fluid
WLRQVVKDOOQRWSHUPDQHQWO\GHQWPRUHWKDQLQXQGHUOERIFRQ pressure. If the duct system will experience greater concrete fluid
FHQWUDWHGIRUFHDSSOLHGEHWZHHQFRUUXJDWLRQVXVLQJ1RUHLQIRUFLQJ pressures (such as when using self-consolidating concrete or thin
EDU$SSO\IRUFHIRUPLQXWHVDQGPHDVXUHWKHGHQWPLQXWHVDIWHU vertical concrete members), consideration of these higher pressures
IRUFHUHPRYDO7KHGXFWVKDOOKDYHDGHTXDWHORQJLWXGLQDOEHQGLQJVWLII shall be applied to the choice of the duct system.
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When prestressing steel is installed prior to concrete, there is no
concern with prestressing steel installation, however grouting could
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be an issue if the duct collapses or ovalizes thus the requirement for

,QDGGLWLRQFRUUXJDWHGPHWDOGXFWVKDOOEHWHVWHGDVRXWOLQHGLQ6HF 5 ft of concrete fluid pressure.
WLRQVDQGRI37,¶V³$FFHSWDQFH6WDQGDUGVIRU3RVW7HQVLRQ
LQJ6\VWHPV´ If the duct or duct connectors dent more than 1/8 in., the concern
is that installing prestressing steel or grouting the tendons may be-
come difficult or impossible. Duct and duct connectors should be
protected from damage during storage, transportation, and han-
dling; however, after placing and prior to concrete placement, load
may be inadvertently applied to the duct and the duct may dent at
support bars which may restrict installation of prestressing steel or
grouting.
4.4.4 — Corrugated plastic duct C4.4.4 Corrugated Plastic Duct
7KHFRUUXJDWHGSODVWLFGXFWV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVDQGDFFHVVRULHV Corrugated plastic duct shall be performance tested. fib Bulletin
VKDOOPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI)pGpUDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOGX%pWRQfib 7 identifies eight performance aspects of plastic duct and describes
%XOOHWLQ7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW³&RUUXJDWHG3ODVWLF'XFWIRU,QWHUQDO test procedures and acceptance criterion for each.
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This specification follows Florida Department of Transportation
7KHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIfib%XOOHWLQDUHPRGLILHGDVIROORZV recommendations to modify certain performance test procedures
and acceptance criterion.
“Lateral Load Resistance of Duct” (fib 4.1.4)—&RQGXFWWKLVWHVWZLWKRXWWKH
XVHRIDGXFWVWLIIHQHUSODWHXVLQJDORDGRIOEIRUDOOVL]HV No stiffeners are allowed to pass the test because there is a chance
their use will not be observed in the field. The applied load is the
“Wear Resistance of Duct” (fib 4.1.7)—$FFHSWDQFHFULWHULDIRUUHPDLQLQJ same for all duct sizes.
GXFWWKLFNQHVVDIWHUWHVWLQJVKDOOQRWEHOHVVWKDQLQIRUGXFWXSWRDQGLQ
FOXGLQJLQLQGLDPHWHUDQGQRWOHVVWKDQLQIRUGXFWJUHDWHUWKDQ The acceptance criterion in this specification allows for a greater
LQLQGLDPHWHU safety factor then that in fib Bulletin 7.
“Bond Behavior of Tendons” (fib 4.1.8)—$FFHSWDQFHFULWHULDVKDOODFKLHYH It is felt that loading the specimen to failure may be dangerous
fpuLQDPD[LPXPOHQJWKRIGXFWGLDPHWHUVIRUURXQGGXFWDQGLQIRU thus the 40% ƒpu requirement. This can be interpolated to establish
IODWGXFW 100% bond because bond behavior is linear in nature
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“Modified Wear Resistance of Duct” (fib 4.1.7)—7HVWLVLQDGGLWLRQWR The “Modified Wear Resistance of Duct” test is added to fib Bul-
³:HDU5HVLVWDQFHRI'XFW´QRWHGSUHYLRXVO\7HVWDSSDUDWXVVKDOOEH letin 7 performance tests. The duct should be sufficiently resistant to
LGHQWLFDOZLWKWKHVDPHFODPSLQJIRUFHDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURI wear-through caused by the prestressing steel during the time before
VWUDQGVLQWKHGXFW3URFHGXUHPRGLILHG'RQRWPRYHWKHVDPSOHDORQJ grouting but after stressing of the tendon when bent to the minimum
WKHVWUDQGWRVLPXODWHZHDU&ODPSGXFWWRWKHVWUDQGIRUGD\V¶GXUD specified radius of curvature.
WLRQ8SRQFRPSOHWLRQRIWHVWGXUDWLRQUHPRYHGXFWDQGPHDVXUHPLQL
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PLQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVVDORQJWKHVWUDQGSDWKVKDOOQRWEHOHVVWKDQ
LQIRUGXFWXSWRDQGLQFOXGLQJLQLQGLDPHWHUDQGQRWOHVVWKDQ
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WHVWLQJWREHSHUIRUPHGIRUHDFKEOHQGRISRO\SURS\OHQHRUSRO\HWK\OHQH
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WKURXJKDVPRGLILHGKHUHLQVKDOOEHUHSHDWHGZKHQHYHUPDWHULDO
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RI7HQGRQV´fibWHVWQHHGRQO\EHUHSHDWHGZKHQWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK
RIWKHPDWHULDOKDVEHHQUHGXFHGE\PRUHWKDQIURPWKHSUHYLRXV
WHVWRUWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHGXFWFKDQJHV
7HVWLQJVKDOOEHFRQILUPHGWKURXJKDUHSRUWSUHSDUHGE\DQLQGHSHQG
HQWWHVWLQJDJHQF\ 'XFWSHUIRUPDQFHWHVWLQJVKDOOEHUHSHDWHGZKHQ
HYHUPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVFKDQJHRUJHRPHWU\RIWKHGXFWFKDQJHV
%RQGEHKDYLRULVGLFWDWHGPRUHE\JHRPHWU\RIWKHGXFWWKDQPDWHULDO
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$VDQDOWHUQDWHWHVWLQJSHUEXOOHWLQVHFWLRQWKURXJKLVSHU Fib bulletin 75 has been recently published which is under consid-
PLWWHGWREHXVHGIRUWHVWLQJRISODVWLFGXFWVLQOLHXRI%XOOHWLQVHFWLRQ eration by the M-50 Committee for incorporation into the next edi-
WKURXJK tion of the M50.3 Specification. The bulletin 75 provides addi-
tional information on testing of plastic ducts.

4.4.5 — System pressure tests 4.4.5 – System pressure tests

)RUHDFKDVVHPEO\RI376LQFOXGLQJDOOVL]HVDQGFRQILJXUDWLRQVDV System pressure tests are qualification tests and are not intended
VHPEOHV\VWHPVDQGSHUIRUPWKHSUHVVXUHWHVWGHILQHGKHUHLQ7KHSRVW to be performed in the field during construction.
WHQVLRQLQJDVVHPEO\LQFOXGHVDWOHDVWRQHRIHDFKFRPSRQHQWUHTXLUHG
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4.4.5.1 — Corrugated plastic duct connections C4.4.5.1 Corrugated Plastic Duct Connections
&RUUXJDWHGGXFWFRQQHFWRUVFRXSOHUVVKDOOPHHWWKH³/HDN7LJKW The duct system including corrugated plastic duct connectors
QHVVÚHTXLUHPHQWVRI)pGpUDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOGX%pWRQfib%XOOHWLQ when in its final condition for PL-1 applications must be mortar
7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW³&RUUXJDWHG3ODVWLF'XFWIRU,QWHUQDO%RQGHG3RVW tight (similar to steel duct) and for PL-2 and PL-3 applications must
7HQVLRQLQJ´&KDSWHU6HFWLRQZKHQWHVWHGRQWKHVDPHVSHFL be leak tight. This means that after exposure to shipping, jobsite
PHQZLWKRXWUHDVVHPEO\RUUHLQVWDOODWLRQWKDWKDVEHHQVXEMHFWHGWRfib handling, installation, and concreting the duct and connectors
%XOOHWLQ7HVWV³)OH[LELOLW\´fib³/DWHUDO/RDG5HVLVWDQFH´fib should be mortar/leak tight. Thus assessment for mortar/leak tight-
DQG³/RQJLWXGLQDO/RDG5HVLVWDQFH´fib ness is performed on the same test specimen that has successfully
passed “Flexibility”, “Lateral Load”, and “Longitudinal Load”
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testing.
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SUHVVXUHRISVLRYHUDSHULRGRIPLQXWHV
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4.4.5.2 — Precast segmental duct couplers C4.4.5.2 Precast Segmental Duct Couplers
Testing of precast segmental duct couplers confirm their ability to
3HUIRUPWKHIROORZLQJSHUIRUPDQFHWHVWRQHDFKVL]HRISUHFDVWVHJ provide continuity of the tendon envelope across segment joints in
PHQWDOGXFWFRXSOHU
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precast segmental construction.
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WKHMRLQLQJVXUIDFHRIDQ\ERQGEUHDNHUPDWHULDO
x 6HDOLQJJDVNHWFRPSUHVVLYHUHTXLUHGIRUFH The performance test for sealing gasket compressive force con-
o 8VLQJDQH[WHUQDODSSDUDWXVDSSO\DFRPSUHVVLYHIRUFHWR firms that the sealing gasket will not act as a shim (preventing joint
WKHFRQFUHWHWHVWEORFNVWRFRPSUHVVWKHVHDOLQJJDVNHWWRLWV closure) when erection compressive forces are applied to a segment
ILQDOSRVLWLRQDQG during the erection process.
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o 8VLQJDQH[WHUQDODSSDUDWXVFODPSWKHWHVWEORFNVWRJHWKHU The performance test for air pressure confirms that the precast
DQGPDLQWDLQSVLSUHVVXUHRQWKHWHVWEORFNFURVVVHFWLRQ segmental duct coupler is airtight after segment erection prior to ap-
GXULQJWKLVWHVW plication of permanent prestress forces.
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EORFNVWRJHWKHUDQGPDLQWDLQSVLSUHVVXUHRQWKHWHVW are not damaged during construction.
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4.4.5.3 — Internal duct systems C4.4.5.3 Internal Duct Systems
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3HUIRUPDV\VWHPWHVWRIWKHDVVHPEO\IRUFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHUHTXLUH The stage 1 performance test confirms that the components of an

PHQWVRI&KDSWHU$UWLFOH6WDJHDQG6WDJH7HVWLQJFRQWDLQHG internal duct system from grout cap-to-grout cap can be successfully
LQfib7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW%XOOHWLQ³&RUUXJDWHG3ODVWLF'XFWIRU,QWHUQDO assembled and profiled within tolerances without profile discontinu-
%RQGHG3RVWWHQVLRQLQJ´)RUEDUV\VWHPVPRGLI\WKHV\VWHPWHVW ities and without excessive duct deformations.
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stage 1 is sufficiently leak tight.
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4.4.5.4 — External duct systems C4.4.5.4 Duct for External Tendons
WHVWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKDQGPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRULQWHUQDO The external duct systems performance test confirms that the duct
GXFWV\VWHPV and connections can handle grouting pressures without damage to
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6XEPLWSRVWWHQVLRQLQJV\VWHPGUDZLQJVVKRZLQJDOOFRPSRQHQWVUH When permanent caps are not installed, temporary corrosion pro-
TXLUHGIRUWKHWHQGRQLQVWDOODWLRQERWKWHPSRUDU\DQGSHUPDQHQWWRLQ tection details and means to seal the tendon ends during grouting
FOXGHSDUWQXPEHUVDVDSSURSULDWH'HILQHWKHQRPLQDOJHRPHWU\DQG should be provided. Filling anchorage recesses prior to grouting or
PDWHULDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDOOFRPSRQHQWVWREHXVHG the use of temporary caps are options.
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Anchorage drawings should include the details during construc-
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tion as well as the final condition with proposed corrosion protec-
tion.
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should be the ID.
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Duct OD should be noted on the placing drawings to check
clearances to other elements.
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For typical details refer to Appendix 2.
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5.3.8 — Installation requirements C 5.3.8 Installation requirements
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,QVSHFWVWUDQGUHHOVDQGSDFNVIRUEURNHQZLUHV5HPRYHDQGGLVFDUG Strands are normally installed after concrete placement, either by

OHQJWKVRIVWUDQGFRQWDLQLQJEURNHQZLUHV3XVKRUSXOOVWUDQGVWKURXJK pulling preassembled tendons with a winch into the ducts, or by
WKHGXFWVWRPDNHXSWHQGRQVXVLQJPHWKRGVWKDWZLOOQRWFDXVHVWUDQGV pushing individual strands with a pusher into the ducts. It is pre-
WRVQDJRQOLSVRUMRLQWVLQWKHGXFWV6WUDQGVWKDWDUHSXVKHGVKDOOKDYH ferred that strands be installed in flat ducts prior to concrete place-
URXQGHGRIIHQGVRUEHILWWHGZLWKVPRRWKSURWHFWLYHFDSV$OWHUQDWLYHO\ ment.
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DWWDFKPHQWVXFKDVDZHOGHGRUEUD]HGHQGOXJ7KHWHQGRQHQGVVKDOO safety margins to assure that they will not break and endanger the
EHURXQGHGIRUVPRRWKSDVVDJHWKURXJKWKHGXFWV6WUDQGVKDOOQRWEH workers. Required pulling forces depend mainly on friction re-
LQWHQWLRQDOO\URWDWHGGXULQJLQVWDOODWLRQ)RUHDFKWHQGRQPDLQWDLQWUDFH sistance along the strand bundle, the inclination of the structure,
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during strand installation and personnel kept to a minimum.
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:HOGLQJRIVWUDQGVIRULQVWDOODWLRQSXUSRVHVVKDOOEHSHUPLWWHG:HOG Damaged ducts cause strand installation problems and responsi-
PHWDOVKDOORQO\EHGHSRVLWHGRQVWUDQGWDLOVWKDWVKDOOEHFXWRIIDIWHU bility conflicts between duct installer and those trades placing rein-
WHQGRQVWUHVVLQJDQGQRFORVHUWKDQLQWRWKHILQDOSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHO forcing bars, formwork and concrete. Responsibility conflicts can be
WKDWLVWRZHGJHSODWHVXUIDFHDIWHUVWUHVVLQJ3UHKHDWLQJRISUHVWUHVV avoided if each trade checks duct clearances after its work is com-
LQJVWHHOVKDOOQRWEHDOORZHG1RHOHFWULFDOFXUUHQWVKDOOIORZWKURXJK pleted and performs the necessary repair work.
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PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGKDYHDZRUNPDQOLNHILQLVK7KH\VKDOOEHIUHH each bar with paint or other means as a reference point. Set screws,
IURPORRVHUXVWORRVHPLOOVFDOHGLUWSDLQWRLOJUHDVHRURWKHUGHOHWHUL lock nuts or epoxy can also be used if bar tendons are to be prefab-
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)RUPDWLRQRIOLJKWUXVWRQWKHVWUDQGVXUIDFHVKDOOQRWEHGHWULPHQWDO
7KHIROORZLQJWHVWVKDOOEHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDFFHSWDELOLW\RIVWUDQG Evaluation criteria is based on Evaluation of Degree of Rusting on
IRULQVWDOODWLRQLQWKHGXFWV Prestressed Concrete Strand, PCI Journal, V.37, No.3, May-June
8VHD6FRWFK%ULWH&OHDQLQJ3DG1R²PDGHE\0²RULWVHTXLYD 1992.
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'RQRWVWUHVVWHQGRQVXQWLOWKHFRQFUHWHKDVDWWDLQHGWKHVSHFLILHG Stressing equipment is system related. A jack designed for one
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDVGHWHUPLQHGE\F\OLQGHUWHVWLQJRURWKHU2ZQHU particular system is unlikely to fit another without major modifica-
DSSURYHGWHVWLQJPHWKRG6WUHVVDOOSUHVWUHVVLQJVWHHOZLWKK\GUDXOLF tions. The design of the tendon anchorage assembly has to be coor-
MDFNVRIVXIILFLHQWFDSDFLW\WRWKHIRUFHVVKRZQRQWKHDSSURYHGLQVWDOOD dinated with the design of the jack chair, wedge seating devices,
WLRQGUDZLQJVRUDVRWKHUZLVHDSSURYHGE\WKH(QJLQHHU'RQRWXVH tube bundles, and automatic or manual jack stressing heads.
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QRWH[FHHGfpu'RQRWRYHUVWUHVVWHQGRQVWRDFKLHYHWKHH[SHFWHG duce the operating pressures necessary to produce temporary jack-
HORQJDWLRQV6WUDQGVVWUHVVHGSDVWfpuVKDOOHLWKHUEHUHSODFHGRU ing forces of 80% fpu (tendon MUTS). A jack, which cannot safely
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SHUVHGHORZHUOLPLWVWKDWPD\EHSUHVHQWLQ&RQWUDFW'RFXPHQWV for normal tendon stressing operations.
Jack cylinder area should be permanently identified on the jack.

This permits an easy and reliable field check. Serious stressing
problems can be prevented if operating personnel routinely com-
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Pressure= Jacking Force / Jack Area.
Under normal conditions jack friction losses at Pjack amount to

only about 2 to 3%, which can be factored into the simple computa-
tions.
Proper strand anchoring requires that wedges segments seat

equally.
6 in. (150 mm) diameter gauges usually are required by applica-

ble specifications to assure adequate reading accuracy.
It is good practice to calibrate gauges to read true pressures at

expected maximum jacking pressures prior to calibrating jacks and
gauges as units. Such practice allows verification of calibration doc-
uments and allows gauge replacement.
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SOLHU(TXLSHDFKMDFNZLWKDSUHVVXUHJDXJHIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHMDFNLQJ liquid filled gauges. It is good practice to recognize this and make
SUHVVXUH7KHSUHVVXUHJDXJHVKDOOKDYHDQDFFXUDWHO\UHDGLQJGLDOIDFH provisions to address this and be cognizant of it during stressing.
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WLRQIRU*URXWLQJRI3RVW7HQVLRQHG6WUXFWXUHV´ steel and, therefore, must fill all voids and cover all prestressing
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purposes, bonding the prestressing steel to the surrounding concrete
and to enhance the effective cross sectional concrete area.
²'XFWDLUWHVW &'XFWDLUWHVW
)RU3/3/DQG3/XVHWKHIROORZLQJWHVWVZKHQGXFWDLUWHVWV The field test described is intended to identify leaks in the duct sys-
DUHUHTXLUHGE\FRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWVSULRUWRJURXWLQJ tem so they can be addressed before grouting. There is no pre-
scribed loss of pressure or pressure duration as the variation of ten-
3UHVVXUL]HWHQGRQVWRSVLDQGORFNRIIWKHRXWVLGHDLUVRXUFHDQGLQ don sizes is too great to establish one criteria. However rough cri-
VSHFWIRUOHDNV/RFDWHDQGUHSDLUOHDNVDQGUHWHVW5HIHUWR37,0 teria of approximately 1 minute and less than 50% loss has been
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tion.
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EORFNRXWVLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWHQGRQ3URWHFWLRQ/HYHO3/ See APPENDIX 2 for typical details.
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ILHG

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5HPRYHDOOODLWDQFHJUHDVHFXULQJFRPSRXQGVVXUIDFHWUHDWPHQWV Traditionally, nonreinforced concrete or non-shrink grout were
FRDWLQJVDQGRLOVE\JULWEODVWLQJRUZDWHUEODVWLQJXVLQJDPLQLPXPRI used as pourback material. These materials could exhibit pourback
SVLQR]]OHSUHVVXUH3UHYHQWZDWHUIURPHQWHULQJWKHSRVWWHQVLRQ and perimeter cracking which compromised the corrosion protection
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)OXVKVXUIDFHZLWKZDWHUDQGEORZGU\ZLWKFOHDQRLOIUHHFRPSUHVVHG used.
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TXLUHGXVH$670&&0IRUVXEVWUDWHWHVWLQJDQGGHYHORSD Proper surface preparation is required to provide bond of the
PLQLPXPRISVLWHQVLRQSXOORIIYDOXH0L[DQGSODFHSRUWODQGFH pourback to the structure.
PHQWFRQFUHWHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH&RQWUDFW'RFXPHQWV0L[DQGDS
SO\QRQVKULQNJURXWRUDQDSSURYHGHSR[\ JURXWSHUPDQXIDFWXUHU¶V See APPENDIX 2 for typical details.
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&RDWWKHH[SRVHGVXUIDFHVRIDOOSRXUEDFNVQRWH[SRVHGWRWUDIILFDQG Anchorage coating systems are considered as an additional layer
JURXWFDSVRQWKHLQWHULRURIER[JLUGHUDVLGHQWLILHGLQWKH&RQWUDFW'RF of protection. This water proofing membrane is typically applied
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²2SHQLQJV &2SHQLQJV
5HSDLUDOOKROHVDQGDFFHVVRSHQLQJVZLWKDQDSSURYHGUHSDLUPDWHULDO
RIWKHVDPHRUKLJKHUVWUHQJWKWKDQWKHFRQFUHWHLQWKDWVWUXFWXUDOPHP Proper surface preparation is required to provide bond of the re-
EHULQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH&RQWUDFW'RFXPHQWV3URYLGHDNH\HGMRLQW pair to the structure.
IRUDFFHVVRSHQLQJVDQGEORFNRXWV6HTXHQFHRIFORVLQJRIDFFHVVKROHV
VKDOOEHDVHDUO\DVSRVVLEOHWRSRWHQWLDOO\JDLQWKHEHQHILWVRIFRPSUHV See APPENDIX 2 for typical repair details for holes, blockouts,
VLRQSURYLGHGE\VXEVHTXHQWSRVWWHQVLRQLQJ and openings.
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$$6+72/5)'³%ULGJH'HVLJQ6SHFLILFDWLRQVDQG&RPPHQWDU\´ 1. AASHTO LRFD, “Bridge Design Specifications and Commen-
IRXUWKHGLWLRQ$PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI6WDWHDQG+LJKZD\7UDQVSRUWD tary,” latest edition, American Association of State and Highway
WLRQ2IILFLDOV:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
$$6+72/5)'³%ULGJH'HVLJQ6SHFLILFDWLRQVDQG&RPPHQWDU\ÍLIWK 2. “Anchorage Zone Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Concrete

HGLWLRQ$PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI6WDWHDQG+LJKZD\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ2IIL Girders,” NCHRP Report 356, National Academy Press, Wash-
FLDOV:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS ington D.C., 1994; NCHRP Project 10-29; J.E. Breen, O. Bur-
det, C. Roberts, D. Sanders, G. Wollmann, Ferguson Structural
Engineering Laboratory; The University of Texas at Austin
3. “Laboratory Bond Strength Testing of 0.6” 7-Wire Strand from

7 different Manufacturers,” for Post-Tensioning Institute by A.
J. Hyett, S. Dube & W. F. Bawden, Department of Mining Engi-
neering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario
4. PTI, “Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing and In-

stallation,” 2018.
5. PTI "Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons,” 2017
6. PTI, “Guide Specifications for Post-Tensioning Materials,”

Post-Tensioning Manual, Sixth Edition, 2006
7. State of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)

“Standard Specifications,” 1995
8. “Stress-Corrosion Cracking in High Strength Steels and in Tita-

nium and Aluminum Alloys,” Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, DC, 1972.
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9. “CEB-FIP Model Code,” Comite Euro-International Du Beton,

Thomas Telford Services Ltd, London 1993
10. Fédération International du Béton (fib), Bulletin 33, Recommen-

dation, “Durability of post-tensioning tendons”
11. Krauser, “Selecting Post-Tensioning Tendon Protection Lev-

els”, fib Symposium Prague 2011.
12. Elsener – “Long term monitoring of electrically isolated ten-

dons”, Structural Concrete, pp. 101-106, (2006)
13. Vedova/Elsner – “Enhanced durability, quality control and

monitoring of electrically isolated tendons”, Proceedings of 2nd
fib Congress, Paper ID 14-9, International Federation of Struc-
tural Concrete (fib), Lau-sanne (2006);
14. Elsener/Buchler – “Quality control and monitoring of electri-

cally isolated post-tensioning tendons in bridges”, Eidg. Depar-
tement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation
UVEK, Bundesamt für Strassen, Report Nr. 647 (2011)
15. ASTRA – “Massnahmen zur Gewährleistung der Dauerhaftigkeit

von Spanngliedern in Kunstbauten“ (Measures to ensure the du-
rability of post-tensioning tendons in bridges), Richtlinie ASTRA
12010, Eidg. Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und
Kommunikation UVEK, Bundesamt für Strassen (2007).
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APPENDIX2–TYPICALPOURBACKDETAILS

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PourbackDetails,PLǦ1AandPLǦ1B:

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PourbackDetails,PLǦ2andPLǦ3:
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PTI/ASBI M50.3-19 Specification for Multistrand and Grouted Post-Tensioning

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PTI/ASBI M50.3-19 Specification for Multistrand and Grouted Post-Tensioning

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$670$$06WDQGDUG6SHFLILFDWLRQIRU&KURPLXPDQG&KUR ASTM A882, Standard Specification for Filled Epoxy-Coated

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$QFKRUDJHDVVHPEO\±0HFKDQLFDOGHYLFHFRPSULVLQJDOOFRPSR Anchorage assembly - A strand tendon anchorage assembly in-

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%HDULQJSODWH±$Q\KDUGZDUHWKDWWUDQVIHUVWKHWHQGRQIRUFHLQWRWKH Bearing Plate - Following References (1, 2, 3). This specification

%HDULQJSODWHVSHFLDO±$Q\KDUGZDUHWKDWWUDQVIHUVWHQGRQDQFKRU Bearing plate, special – Covered by this definition are devices

&RQILQHPHQWUHLQIRUFHPHQW±1RQSUHVWUHVVHGUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQWKH Confinement Reinforcement - The confinement reinforcement in

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For basic bearing plates confinement reinforcement is required in

For special bearing plates the confinement reinforcement is sys-

'XFW±(QFORVXUHIRUPLQJDFRQGXLWWRDFFRPPRGDWHSUHVWUHVVLQJ Duct - Post-tensioning ducts consist of spiral-wound corrugated

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+\GURJHQHPEULWWOHPHQW±%ULWWOHFUDFNLQJSURFHVVFDXVHGE\WKH Hydrogen embrittlement - See also definition of “stress corrosion

For instance, the dimensional tolerances allowed by ASTM A416

ASTM A 416 specifies strands in terms of "minimum breaking

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AASHTO also uses for design purposes "factored" tendon forces

AASHTO also expresses ultimate tendon forces as Fpu. However, it

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6KHDWKLQJ±*HQHUDOWHUPIRUWKHGXFWPDWHULDOVXUURXQGLQJWKHSUH Sheathing - Sheathing used as conduit is herein referenced to as

6WUHVVFRUURVLRQFUDFNLQJ±%ULWWOHFUDFNLQJSURFHVVFDXVHGE\WKHFRQ Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) - SCC is a complex phenome-

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7HQGRQ±$VLQJOHRUJURXSRISUHVWUHVVLQJHOHPHQWVDQGWKHLUDQFKRU Tendon - Consists of a single tendon element (strand or bar) or a

:HGJH±$FRQLFDOO\VKDSHGGHYLFHW\SLFDOO\FRQWDLQLQJWZRRUWKUHH Wedge - Strands are anchored by wedges, which have serrated

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=RQHDQFKRUDJH±7KHSRUWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHLQZKLFKWKHSUHVWUHVV Zone, anchorage - By the Saint-Ve´nant Principle, the extent of

)RUDQFKRUDJHGHYLFHVORFDWHGDZD\IURPWKHHQGRIWKHPHPEHUWKH Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9 Post-Ten-

anchorage zone, e.g., bearing/reaction forces. It is independent of

General Zone reinforcement, which includes bursting and spalling

The Design Engineer is responsible for the general zone design.

Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9.2.2 General

Zone, local - Test block dimensions specified in PTI’s “Acceptance

The post-tensioning supplier (PTS) is responsible for local zone

Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9.2.3 Local

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The Subcontractor should supply a PTS which, at a minimum, will

Refer to Appendix 2 for typical anchorage protection details of the

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WLRQLQVWDOODWLRQFRQFUHWHSODFHPHQWDQGWHQGRQVWUHVVLQJVXIIL Grout procedures leaving no voids are critical to the long-term

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When monitoring tendons, the designer should place the anchor-

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Additional information on EIT and monitoring can be found in ref-

Stray electrical currents are a risk to the durability of post-ten-

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8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGRQWKHFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWVXVHXQFRDWHG For most applications strand conforming to ASTM A416 is ade-

Strand manufacturers, in cooperation with the California Trans-

²%DU C 4.2.2 Bars

is interpreted as a performance specification for physical bar prop-

Steels with tensile strengths exceeding 150ksi may exhibit sensitiv-

Effective long-term corrosion protection, is provided by grouting

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$670$$06WDQGDUG6SHFLILFDWLRQIRU&KURPLXPDQG&KUR ASTM A882, Standard Specification for Filled Epoxy-Coated

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$QFKRUDJHDVVHPEO\±0HFKDQLFDOGHYLFHFRPSULVLQJDOOFRPSR Anchorage assembly - A strand tendon anchorage assembly in-

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%HDULQJSODWHVSHFLDO±$Q\KDUGZDUHWKDWWUDQVIHUVWHQGRQDQFKRU Bearing plate, special – Covered by this definition are devices

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6KHDWKLQJ±*HQHUDOWHUPIRUWKHGXFWPDWHULDOVXUURXQGLQJWKHSUH Sheathing - Sheathing used as conduit is herein referenced to as

6WUHVVFRUURVLRQFUDFNLQJ±%ULWWOHFUDFNLQJSURFHVVFDXVHGE\WKHFRQ Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) - SCC is a complex phenome-

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7HQGRQ±$VLQJOHRUJURXSRISUHVWUHVVLQJHOHPHQWVDQGWKHLUDQFKRU Tendon - Consists of a single tendon element (strand or bar) or a

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=RQHDQFKRUDJH±7KHSRUWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHLQZKLFKWKHSUHVWUHVV Zone, anchorage - By the Saint-Ve´nant Principle, the extent of

)RUDQFKRUDJHGHYLFHVORFDWHGDZD\IURPWKHHQGRIWKHPHPEHUWKH Refer to AASHTO LRFD 5.2 Definitions and to 5.10.9 Post-Ten-

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WLRQLQVWDOODWLRQFRQFUHWHSODFHPHQWDQGWHQGRQVWUHVVLQJVXIIL Grout procedures leaving no voids are critical to the long-term

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8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGRQWKHFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWVXVHXQFRDWHG For most applications strand conforming to ASTM A416 is ade-

²%DU C 4.2.2 Bars

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&RUUXJDWHGSODVWLFGXFWIRUXVHLQFROGZHDWKHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ±WR In cold weather some characteristics of polymers change. Cold

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VWHHOSULRUWRFRQFUHWLQJILWWLQJVDQGJDVNHWVVKDOOEHFDSDEOHRIZLWK grouting the tendons difficult or impossible. 10 ft concrete fluid

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7HVWDQGSURYLGHWHVWUHSRUWVWKDWDQFKRUDJHVGHYHORSDWOHDVW Most suppliers have developed special anchorage devices. They

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VHPEO\LQWRDWZRSDUWFRQFUHWHWHVWEORFNDWOHDVW[[

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3HUIRUPDV\VWHPWHVWRIWKHDVVHPEO\IRUFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHUHTXLUH The stage 1 performance test confirms that the components of an

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SRLQWVDUHQRUPDOO\WKHFHQWHUVRIWKHEHDULQJSODWHIDFHV For the ease of placement, it is generally preferred to express an-

x 6HWRXWGLPHQVLRQVVKDOOEHUHIHUHQFHGRIIWKHIRUPZRUNZKHQ Special attention should be placed on areas where ducts are

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x 6SHFLILFVWDQGDUGVSUDFWLFHVSURFHVVHVSURFHGXUHVDQGLQ The Contactor’s QA/QC manager(s) or Materials Approval Engi-

FRPSRQHQWVDQGSURFHVVHV The value of the post-tensioning supply and installation is often a

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x *URXWPDWHULDOV x Timely decision to discontinue using the defective product

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,IFRQIOLFWVH[LVWEHWZHHQWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWDQGSRVWWHQVLRQLQJGXFW Flat ducts are particularly susceptible to collapse under concrete

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