CSE 350 : Data Communications

Mostofa Rafid Uddin

Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
East West University
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West
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University
Data, Signals and Noise

Data : Entity that convey meaning or Information

Signal : Electromagnetic representation of data

Noise :

• “The part of data that does not carry any information ”– Mostly used in Data
Science

• “Unwanted signals that are inserted somewhere between transmission and

Reception” – Mostly used in Data Communication

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Digital Data and Analog Data

Analog Data :

Analog data take on continuous values in some interval. For example, voice and video are
continuously varying patterns of intensity. Most data collected by sensors, such as
temperature and pressure, are continuous valued.

Digital Data:

Digital data take on discrete values; examples are text and integers.

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Digital Signal and Analog Signal

Analog Signal
An analog signal is a continuously varying electromagnetic wave that may be propagated over a
variety of media, depending on spectrum.
Examples are wire media, such as twisted pair and coaxial cable; fiber optic cable; and unguided
media, such as atmosphere or space propagation.
• speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
• †Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
• †Video bandwidth 4MHz

Digital Signal
A digital signal is a sequence of voltage pulses that may be transmitted over a wire medium.
For example, a constant positive voltage level may represent binary 0 and a constant
negative voltage level may represent binary 1.

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Digital Signal and Analog Signal

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Digital Signal and Analog Signal

Main advantage of digital signals over analog signals:

- Digital signals can be processed by digital circuit components, which

are cheap
- less susceptible to noise
- Flexible
- Easy to manipulate

Main disadvantage of digital signals over analog signals:

- Greater attenuation
- Sampling error

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Data Rate and Signal Rate

Data Rate
Data Rate is number of data units/ bits send in per second. It is also known
as bit rate. The unit of data rate is bit per second (bps).

Signal Rate
Signal rate is number of signal units sent in per second. It is also known as
pulse rate. The unit of signal rate is baud (Bd).

If one signal unit presents exactly one bit, then bit rate and baud rate are
same. But sometimes, one signal unit can present more than one bits. In that
case, baud rate < bit rate.

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Data Rate and Signal Rate

1. An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units
are sent in 10 seconds, find the baud rate and the bit rate.

2. A bit of data is carried by half portion of a signal unit. If 1000 bits are
sent in 5 seconds, find the baud rate and the bit rate.

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Frequency, Period, Amplitude

• Amplitude (A)
o maximum strength of signal
o volts
• Frequency (f)
o rate of change of signal
o Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
o period = time for one repetition (T)
o T = 1/f
• Phase ()
o relative position in time
• Wavelength ()
o is distance occupied by one cycle
o between two points of corresponding phase in two consecutive
cycles
o assuming signal velocity v have  = vT
o or equivalently f = v
Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West
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University
Varying Sine Waves s(t) = A sin(2ft +)

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Time Domain and Frequency Domain

Time domain :
Analysis of signals with respect to time. Time domain graphs show how the signals
change over time

Frequency Domain :
Analysis of signals with respect to frequency. Frequency domain graphs show how
much of the signal lies within each given frequency band over a range of frequencies.

Frequency Domain Concepts

• signal are made up of many frequencies
• components are sine waves
• Fourier analysis can shown that any signal is made up of component sine waves

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Spectrum and Bandwidth

• Spectrum
range of frequencies contained in signal
• Absolute bandwidth
width of spectrum
• Effective bandwidth
often just bandwidth
narrow band of frequencies containing most energy
• DC Component
component of zero frequency
Digital signals use two DC components

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Adding frequency components

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Adding frequency components

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Assessment

1. Determine the spectrum and bandwidth of a square wave that can be

decomposed into five sine waves (signal components) with frequencies
at 70, 210, 350, 490 and 630 Hz?
2. Determine the spectrum and bandwidth of a square wave that can be
expressed as the following equation :

S (t) = 1 + (4/π) [ sin(2πft) + sin (6πft) + sin (10πft) ]

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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University
Signal with DC component

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Square Wave from sinusoids

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Effect of bandwidth on digital signal

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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Questions

• Can you send a true square wave through a real physical antenna?

• Do perfect square waves actually exist?

• Why does analogue communication require less bandwidth, and

digital communication requires more bandwidth?

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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