OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE2.0

Internal
OMF000502 Network
Planning Principle
ISSUE 2.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

The performance of GSM network is
mainly based on the topology structure
and parameter planning, so suitable
planning can save investment, ensure
the acceptable index and decrease
optimization working
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

 Upon completion this course, you will be able to:
 Know principle of propagation

 Grasp the feature of antenna
 Plan coverage and capacity
 Master the flow of network planning

Chapter 1 Planning basis
Chapter 2 Coverage planning
Chapter 3 Capacity planning
Chapter 4 Advance planning
Chapter 5 Procedure and site location

GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
Channel spacing 200kHz,124 carriers
890 915 935 960
Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz
GSM 1800 :
Channel spacing 200kHz,374 carriers
1710 1785 1805 1880
Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

The Frequency Spectrum
Frequency
Frequency Range Downlink
Uplink Frequency Point
Spectrum (MHz) Frequency
Available
880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

E-GSM900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023
876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

R-GSM900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023
PCS1900 1850~1910 512<=n<=810

Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
1930~1990

Requirement for C/I
All useful signals carrier

C/I = All useless signals = interference
Useful signal Noise from environment
Other signals
GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB

In practical projects: C / I >= 12dB
Effects of Interference
 Affect signal quality
 Required C/I
 Co-Channel C/I: 9dB

 First adjacent Channel C/I: -12dB
 Second adjacent Channel C/I: -41dB

Signal Quality in GSM
RX Quality
RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

class (%) from... to
0 0.14 < 0.2%
good 1 0.28 0.2 ... 0.4 %
usable signal 2 0.57 0.4 ... 0.8 %
3 1.13 0.8 ... 1.6 %
acceptable 4 2.26 1.6 ... 3.2 %
5 4.53 3.2 ... 6.4 %
unusable 6 9.05 6.4 ... 12.8 %
signal 7 18.1 > 12.8 %

Interference sources
 Multi-path (long echoes)
 Frequency reuse
 External interference
Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.
Reduce the interference

as possible.

Methods for reducing Interference
 Frequency planning
 Suitable site location
 Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
 Frequency hopping
 Power control based on quality
 Evaluate signal level and quality

 DTX
 Silent transmission in speech pauses

 Adaptive channel allocation
 Always assign the best available channel during call setup.

Cell Evolution
Umbrella
Cell
5-50Km
Early 80’s
Macro Cell Micro Cell Pico Cell
1-5Km 100m-1Km 10m-100m
Mid-end 80’s Mid 90’s Mid-end 90’s
Macro Cell Layered Network

Layered Network
High layer station
Middle layer station Middle layer station
Low layer station Low layer station

Low layer station Low layer station
Indoor station
Indoors station
Indoors station Indoors station

Macro Cell Network
 Cost performance solution
 Suitable for covering large area
 Large cell range

 High antenna position
km
2..20
 Cell ranges 2 ..20km
 Used with low traffic volume
 Typically rural area

 Road coverage

Micro Cell Network
 Capacity oriented network
 Suitable for high traffic area
 Mostly used with beamed cell

0,5 .. 2km
 Cost performance solution

 Usage of available site’s equipment
 Typical application
 Medium town
 Suburb
 Typical coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km

1.1 Fundamental to GSM network
1.2 Mobile radio link

Radio Link Propagation
 Multi-path propagation
 Radio path is a complicated propagation medium

 Limited transmitting energy
 The service range is determined by the transmission power

of mobiles
 Battery life-time
 Limited spectrum
 Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannon´s theorem)

 Additional effort needed for channel coding
 Frequency reused result in self- interference

Propagation
 Free- space propagation
 Signal strength decreases with distance increases

 Reflection
 Specula R.
− Amplitude : A --> α*A (α< 1)

specula reflection
− Phase : Ф > -Ф
− Polarization : material determining phase shift
 Diffuse R.
− Amplitude : A --> α*A (α<< 1)

− Phase : random
diffuse reflection
− Polarization : random

Propagation
 Absorption A A - 5..30 dB
 Heavy amplitude attenuation
 Material determining phase shift
 Diffraction
 Wedge-model
 Knife edge
 Multiple knife edges

Radio Propagation Environment
 Multi-path propagation
 Shadowing
 Terrain
 Building
 Reflection
 Interference

Reflections
 Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
 No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window

 Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer
window
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 s

Fading
 Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
 Shadowing due to large obstacles o

n propagation direction
 Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)
 Serious interference from multi-path Level (dB)

+10
signals
0
-10
-20
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
0 1 2 3 4 5m

Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Signal Variations
Raleigh fading Lognormal fading Large scale fading
Superposition of
Prop. path profile,
multiple
Shadowing or reflect by trees, terrain & clutter
cause propagation paths
building, cars structure, Earth
with different
curvature
phase
correlation <λ 10 ... 100m > 100m
mostly predictable predictable (maps,

Prediction unpredictable
(buildings!!) terrain database)
use maps or digital

apply statistical th
resholds for Rayle consider lognormal distribution arou terrain & clutter
Planning method igh fading signals nd local around local mean (use σ= databases to predict
7-10dB) (50 ..200m pixel
resolution)

Objective of propagation model
 The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss during
radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and artificial
environments
 The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage
planning. A good model mean more precise planning.
 The propagation model depends on the working frequency of
the system. Different propagation models have different
working frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation
model differs from the out door propagation model

Land Usage Types
 Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation
 Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with

season (foliage loss)
 Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
 Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
 Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
 Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not

use as antenna or site location

Propagation Models
Propagation losses in free space
Lp=32.4+20lgfMHz+20lgdkm
When the frequency is fixed, it can be expressed as:
Ploss=L0+10lgd
 =2 path loss slope
Propagation losses in flat area

Lp = 10lgd -20lghb - 20lghm
 =4 path loss slope
hb: Height of the BS antenna
hm: Height of the MS antenna

Okumura-Hata Model
 Empirical model
 Measure and estimate additional attenuations
 Applied for larger distance estimation (range: 5 .. 20km)
 Not suitable for small distance ( < 1km)

Okumura-Hata Model
The frequency range is 150MHz to 1500MHz.
L p  69.55  26.16 log f  13.82 log hb  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Ahm
Lp Path loss (dB) f Carrier frequency (MHz)

hb BS antenna height (m) Distance between the BS and MS
d (Km)
hm MS antenna height (m) Ahm MS antenna correction factor (dB)
Middle or small-size cities: Ahm  (1.1 log f  0.7 ) hm  (1.56 log f  0.8)
Big cities: Ahm  3.2(log 11 .75 hm ) 2  4.97

Okumura-Hata Model
The frequency range is 1500MHz to 2000MHz.
L p  46.3  33.9 log f  13.82 log hb  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Ahm  Cm
C m ＝ 0dB Large-size cities or central areas of the suburbs

C m ＝ 3dB Big cities

K Model
Lp=K1+K2lgd+K3(hm)+K4lg(hm)+K5lg(Heff)+K6lg(Heff)lgd+K7diffn+Kclutter
K1-Constant related with the frequency (MHz);

K2-Constant related to the distance (km);
K3, K4-MS antenna height (m) correction factor;
K5, K6-BS antenna height (m) correction factor;
K7-Diffraction correction factor;
Kclutter-Ground fading correction factor;
d-Distance between the BS and MS (km);
hm, Heff-Valid heights of the MS antenna and BS antenna (m)
The initial K parameter is converted from the classical model.

K values
In the following table, K and fading values are given. These values are collected
during the wave propagation analysis in a medium-size city
Clutter Attenuation
K parameter Parameter value
name
Inland water -3.0
149/800 (urban), 162.5/2000 Watery land -3.00

(Urban)
K1 (MHz) 145/800 (big city) Open areas -2.00
165.5/2000 (big city)
Rangeland -1.00
K2 44.9 Forest 13.00
Industrial & commercial area 5.00

-2.49/800(urban)
K3 -2.93/2000 (urban) Village -2.90
0/800 (large city,-2.93/2000
(large city) Parallel low buildings -2.50
K4 0.00 Suburban -2.50
K5 -13.82 Urban 0
K6 -6.55 Dense urban 5
k7h -0.8 High building 16

Walfish- Ikegami Model
 Model used for urban micro-cell propagation. Assume regular
city layout (“Manhattan grid”). Total path loss consists of three
parts:
 Line-of-sight loss LLOS
 Roof-to-street loss LRTS
 Mobile environment loss LMS
h
w
b

Model Correction-CW Test
 To obtain the radio propagation model in compliance with the actual environ
ment and increase the correctness of the coverage prediction, it is necessa
ry to correct the propagation model for typical environments.
 CW test process
 Select representative propagation environments, such as dense urban a
rea, general urban area and suburb. Mark some test points. As many as
land object types should be covered
 For each artificial environment, three or more test stations are preferred
so as to remove the influence of the location factors
 Obtain test data at different directions and distances. There should be m
ultiple test data for the same distance
 The sampling should be in compliance with the Li law: Wavelength; 40:5
0 sampling points
 Upper limit for the car speed: Vmax=0.8λ/Tsample
 Correct the model using the model correction tool software .

What is diversity
 Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both

overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio
 The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low
enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not
all antennas experience fades at the same time

Diversity t
 Time diversity
 Coding, interleaving f
 Frequency diversity
 Frequency hopping
 Space diversity
 Multiple antennas
 Polarization diversity
 Dual-polarized antennas
 Multi-path diversity
 Equalizer

Benefit From Diversity
 Diversity gain depends on environment
 Antenna diversity
− 3dB gain
− More path loss acceptable in link budget
− Higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1.7 A
70% more coverage per cell
Needs, less cells in total
R
The above case can be satisfied
only under ideal condition. That
is the environment is infinitely
large and flat


Cell coverage range
 Achievable cell coverage depend on
 Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
 Surroundings and environment
 Link budget figure
 Antenna type
 Antenna direction
 Minimum required signal level

Link Budget

Link Budget model
On downlink
Minreceive  S ms  I m arg in  SlowlyFading m arg in  FastFadingm arg in  L penetration
Pbts  Lcable  Gbts  L  Gms  Minreceive
On uplink
Pms  Gms  L penetration  L  Gdiversity  Gbts  Lcable  Minreceive
Minreceive  Sbts  I m arg in  SlowlyFading m arg in  FastFadingm arg in

Equipment-related Parameters
 BTS Tx power
 Maximum BS Tx power.
 Maximum power of the antenna ： Ptrx-Lcdu
 Maximum MS Tx power
 900:2W
 1800:1W
 BS antenna gain
 Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi; directional anten
na: 15 to 18dBi.
 MS antenna gain
 Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are considered to be 0d
B.

Equipment-related Parameters
 BTS receiver sensitivity
 900:-110dBm
 1800:-109dBm
 The sensitivity is also related with vendor and environment
 MS receiver sensitivity
 -102dBm
 BTS feeder and connector loss
 The feeder loss is related to the signal frequency and length.
 The connector loss is approximately 0.2dB.
Feeder types Frequency 450MHz 800MHz 2000MHz
7/8 inches 2.7 dB/100m 4.03 dB/100m 6.46 dB/100m

Margin
 Fast fading margin: typical value 3dB
 Interference margin: typical value 3dB
 Slowly fading margin: typical value: 3--10dB
 The path loss value obtained from the link budget is the
median. Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss
fluctuates around this value. It is subjected to the
logarithmic normal distribution as the location and time
varies To ensure a certain edge coverage probability
(generally > 75%), it is necessary to reserve some power
margin, i.e. the shadow fading margin.

Margin
 According to the standard deviation of the shadow fading and the requirements
for the border coverage probability (determined by the operator), we can
calculate the shadow fading margin by
Mf (dB value)= NORMSINV (Border coverage probability)  r
 where
− NORMSINV ( ) is the inverse function of the standard normal distribution
accumulation function. The 75% border coverage probability is
corresponding to 0.68. r is the standard deviation of shadow distribution.
Generally, when the frequency is 800MHz, this value is 6-8dB in quasi plain
urban areas.
− Note : the 75% border coverage probability is corresponding to the 90%
area coverage probability.

Min. Receive Level
Application environment Min. Receiving Level Given
Density urban, indoor -75dBm Sms=-102dBm

Fast Fading Margin=2dB
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=2dB
Penetration Loss=18
Resident area, indoor -80dBm Sms=-102dBm

Penetration Loss=13
Outdoor -93dBm Sms=-102dBm


Balance function
Pbts  S ms  Pms  Gdiversity  Sbts

Why is not related to loss of cable?

Distance and Coverage Area
3 – Sectors site Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Site distance: D=1.5R Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=1.949R2 Coverage Area=2.598R2

Amount of BTS
 Evaluate achievable cell coverage range
 Radius=f (topography, requirements, environment, ...)

 Coverage Area=F (radius, sort)
 Number of BTS needed for coverage reason:

 desire area/area per site


How many subscriber can cell support?
 Traffic volume generated by subscriber and distribution (amoun

t of subscriber and load per user in busy hour)
 GOS: Grade of Service or Block rate
 Amount of TCH and signaling CH
 The available bandwidth and reuse model
 Channel configuration
 Erlang table represent the relationship among block rate, traffic

volume and number of CH

Channel Configuration
 One BCCH is needed for one cell
 It is suggested that one SDCCH/8 is needed for two TRX
 For example:
 There are 3 TRX in certain cell, therefore, the below channel

should be configured: One BCCH, Two SDCCH/8, Twenty one
TCH

Erlang Table
Block Rate
Sum of
CH 0.5 1.0 2 5 10
6 1.622 1.909 2.276 2.960 3.758
7 2.158 2.501 2.935 3.738 4.666
14 6.663 7.532 8.200 9.730 11.47
21 11.86 12.84 14.04 16.19 18.65
29 18.22 19.49 21.04 23.83 27.05
36 24.01 25.51 27.34 30.66 34.50

Estimate Number of BTS Needed
 Given: amount of subscriber, bandwidth available, reused

density, traffic model
 total operator’s bandwidth/planned freq. reuse rate

 ==>number of TRX per cell
 ==>channel per cell
 ==>subscriber per cell
 ==>number of BTS needed for traffic reasons
 VERY rough initial estimation!

How Many Subscriber should Sell Support?
 Given: Number of subscribers in area, Traffic load per subscrib

er, Coverage area, radius
 Total traffic volume
 ==> traffic per sq.km
 ==> traffic per cell
 ==> number of TRX needed per BTS
 Allow extra capacity for roamer and busy hour traffic
Transmission should not be the

bottleneck of the system


Why Indoors
 Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators
 Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
 Outdoor cell can’t provide sufficient indoor coverage

Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION

Building Penetration Loss
 Signal level in building is estimated by using a building

penetration loss margin
 Big differences between rooms with window and without
window(10~15 dB)
signal level increases with floor

number :~1.5 dB/floor (for
1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage

Building Penetration Loss
 Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials, e.
g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
Total building loss = median values ＋ margin (lognormal) for higher probabilities

In-Building Path Loss
 Simple path loss model for in-building environment
 Outdoor loss: Okumura‘s formula
Lout = 42,6 + 20 log( f ) + 26 .. 35 log( d ) Lout

 Wall loss
Lwall = f (material; angle) Lwall

 Indoor loss: linear model
For Pico-Cells
Lin
Lin = L0 +(loss per meter)*d
building type loss application example
old house 0,7 dB/m (urban l)
commercial type 0,5 dB/m (modern offices)
open room, atrium 0,2 dB/m (museum, train station)

Indoor Coverage Solutions
Small BTS Antennas
Mini BTS Distribute antenna

Repeater Leaky cable
Active Signal distribution
Passive Power splitter

Optical Optical fiber

Indoor Planning
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
f1..f6 f6 f4 f2
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
Example1: Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation 1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
no frequency reuse: reuse per two floor, separate freq
uencies within one floor:
a) three floors a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers 52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers 140 Erl => 2808 subs

Indoor Coverage Examples
 With Repeater
 Relay outdoor signal into target building

 Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
 With indoor BTS and distributed antenna
 Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable

Outdoor Antenna
50m -50 dBm Gain: 18 dBi
1:1 4th floor

50m
7/8'' Cable
1:1 50m
Loss: 4dB / 50m 4th Floor
1:1 3rd floor Cable length : 25m
50m
3rd Floor
1:1 50m
1:1 2nd floor 2nd Floor

50m
50m 1st Floor
1st floor
1:1:1 1:1
50m Ground Floor
50m
Indoor Antenna
1:1 ground floor Gain: 9dBi
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building

Repeater
 According to operating frequency
 Wide-band Repeater
 Narrow-band Repeater
 According to working method
 Passive Repeater
Needs strong external signal, useful only with very short cables
and seldom used
 Active Repeater
Amplify and re-transmits all received signals
needs
 Application examples decoupling > amplification
 Coverage for low traffic area

 Remote valley
 Tunnel
 Underground coverage

Wave Propagation in Tunnels
 Ideal antenna position: center of cross-section
 Distance to walls: min. 2λ
 Tunnel cross-section shape unimportant, if λ > 10
 Time dispersion decreases with distance
 Install antenna 50~100m before tunnel entrance
 Good signal coupling between successive tunnels
Tunnels
Tunnelsare
arevery
verysuitable
suitableenvironment
environment
for
forradio
radiowave
wavepropagation
propagation

Tunnel Cross-Section
 Filling factor determines propagation condition
 Typical range for filling factors
 Road tunnels: 10%

 Metro: 60~90%
 5dB margin for metro tunnel
filling factor =----------

Solution Scheme
Coverage Prediction: L=20LgF+30LgD-28
Typical loss in tunnel as below
Signal source: Mini BTS, Repeater
Distribution system: Cable, Leakey cable and Directional antenna
Distance 900MHz 1800MHz

50m 82dB 88.1dB
100m 91dB 97dB
150m 96.3dB 102.1dB
200m 100.1dB 106.1dB
300m 105.3dB 111.4dB

Location Area Design
 Location update affects all mobiles in network
 Location update in idle mode

 Location update after call completion
 Location update brings extra burden to the network
 Good location area design should avoid ping-pong
 location update
 Paging ability is limitation of location area major road Location area 2
Location area 1

LA Design
 Paging blocks per second X Paging message per block=Pagin

g message per second
 ==>Paging message per hour
 ==>Traffic volume per Location area
 ==>Sum of TRXs per Location area
It is related to traffic model!

Paging VS Location update Traffic
signaling
traffic
function of user density,

function of cell size, call arrival rate ...
user mobility
Paging
Location update
optimum number # of cells in Loc. area

of cells in Loc. area
minimize signaling traffic

optimum varies with network evolution


Scope of Network Planning
 Network design
 Number & configuration of BSC

 Antenna specifications
 BSS topology
 Frequency plan
 Network evolution strategy
 Network performance prediction
 Gos
 Margin calculations
 Interference probabilities
 Quality observation

Start
Planning Flow
Information collection
Preparation for planning
Nominal planning
Interference measurement
Propagation mode tuning
RF site survey
Frequency planning
parameter planning
Data configuration
End

Contents of information collection
 Operator’s requirements
Subscriber forecasts
Coverage requirements
Quality of service
Recommended sites
 External information
 Terrain data
 Population data
 Bandwidth available
coverage capacity quality cost
You can get a balanced network

Preparation for planning
 Population distribution in serving area
 Road condition and paper map
 Digital map
 Service area visit
 Link budget
 Traffic distribution

Nominal plan
 Presume site location
 Coverage predication
 Frequency planning
 Interference analyze
 Traffic prediction

Interference measurement
Use spectrum analyzer to scan the interference and
confirm the exact RF resource can be used.

Propagation model tuning
To make a accurate coverage
planning, propagation model tuning is
necessary.
Model Error Distribution
6000
5000
4000
Number of Bins
3000
2000
1000
0
-48 -44 -40 -36 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
-1000
Error (dB)
tuned Non-tuned

Site Location
 Cell performance has a close relationship with site location
 Site is long-term investment
 Site acquisition is a slow process
 Hundreds of sites needed per network
Site is a valuable long-term

asset for the operator

RF site survey
 Site location confirmation
 Cell capacity confirmation
 Antenna selection
 Antenna installation position
 Antenna height, azimuth and downtilt

Bad Site Location
 Avoid hill-top location for site
 Uncontrollable interference
 Cross coverage
 Bad handover behavior
wanted cell uncontrolled, strong

boundary interferences
cross coverage areas:

Good Site Location
 Prefer site off the hill-top
 Use hill to separate cell

 Contiguous coverage area
 Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated above valley
bottom
wanted cell
boundary

Site Selection Criteria
Radio criteria Non-radio criteria
Good view in main beam Space for equipment

 direction Availability of leased trans
No obstacles mission line or microwave l
ink
Good visibility of terrain
 Power supply
Antenna installation
 Access restrictions
situation
LOS to next microwave  House owner
site  Rental costs

Short feeder length

Site Information
 Questionnaire
 Site coordinates, height above sea level, exact address

 Type of building
 Building materials
 Possible antenna heights
 360deg photo (clearance view)
 Neighborhood, surrounding environment
 Drawing sketch of rooftop
 Antenna installation conditions
 BTS location, approximately feeder lengths

Frequency planning adjust and CDD plan
BCCH,BSIC,TCH planning OK!set the
Frequency hopping planning data to the
Interference analysis BSC
Cell data design

BSS Parameters
 BSS Relevant Parameter for Network Planning
 Frequency allocation plan

 Logical radio configuration
 Transmitting power
 Definition of neighboring cells
 Definition of location areas
 Handover parameters
 Power control parameters
 Cell selection parameters
 Radio link time-out counter
 Topology of BSC- BTS network

Summary
 In this course, we have learned:

 Propagation and Planning basis
 Coverage Planning method
 Capacity planning method
 Indoor and Tunnel Planning
 Planning procedure and Site Location

Thank You
www.huawei.com

OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE2.0

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

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 Know principle of propagation

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Chapter 2 Coverage planning

Chapter 3 Capacity planning

Chapter 4 Advance planning

Chapter 5 Procedure and site location

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Channel spacing 200kHz,124 carriers

890 915 935 960

Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz

Channel spacing 200kHz,374 carriers

1710 1785 1805 1880

Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

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880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

PCS1900 1850~1910 512<=n<=810

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All useful signals carrier

Useful signal Noise from environment

GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB

 Affect signal quality

 Co-Channel C/I: 9dB

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RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

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 Multi-path (long echoes)

Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.

Reduce the interference

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 Suitable site location

 Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height

 Power control based on quality

 Evaluate signal level and quality

 Silent transmission in speech pauses

 Always assign the best available channel during call setup.

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Macro Cell Layered Network

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High layer station

Middle layer station Middle layer station

Low layer station Low layer station

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 Cost performance solution

 Suitable for covering large area

 Large cell range

 Used with low traffic volume

 Typically rural area

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 Capacity oriented network

 Suitable for high traffic area

 Mostly used with beamed cell

 Cost performance solution

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1.1 Fundamental to GSM network

1.2 Mobile radio link

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 Radio path is a complicated propagation medium

 The service range is determined by the transmission power

 Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannon´s theorem)

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