Chapter 4

Medical Microbiology
and Hospital Infection

Section 1 Normal flora

 normal flora
the microorganism that'pærəs
parasitize
iˌtaiz
on th
e body surface or tracts connecting with
ɪkˈstɚnəl

external, don’t harm the host in ordinary condition.

I. Distribution of normal flora

skin
oral cavity: anaerobes
ə'nerəubz
intestinal tract:
anaerobes: aerobes=1000:1
vagina: Lactobacillus.
vəˈdʒaɪnə 阴道

respiratory
II. Role of normal flora.
拮抗作用
1. Biological barrier: antagonism
2. Nutrient synthesize :
amino acid, VB, Vk enhance absorb

3. immunity:enhance and develop and

maturation of immune system
 Section 2

Microeubiosis and microdysbiosis

ju:baɪ‘sɪs dɪsbaɪ'sɪs

微生态平衡与菌群失调
flora disequilibrium
dɪsˌikwəˈlɪbriəm 失衡
(dysbacteriosis) dɪsbæktɪərɪ'oʊsɪs 菌群失调

Balance of normal flora was broken.

widely use antibiotics, sensitive bacteria
were killed, and the resistant bacteria
reproduce rapidly.
change their normal parasite sites.

host immunity reduce.

 Section 3

opportunistic infection
I. Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria:
Opportunistic pathogen
Some bacteria are unable to cause in ordina
ry condition , they initiate infection. If:

(1) they leave their ordinary habitant

and gain access to other part.

(2) host immunity reduce.

(3) owing to the wide use of antibiotic,
hormone and anti-cancer drugs.
 II. Characters of pathogen

1. weak or no-more apparent virulence

2. drug-resistant bacteria or multi-resistant bacteria

3. Occurrence of new opportunistic pathogen
 Section 4

Hospital Infection
Nosocomial Infection
Hospital Acquired Infection
Hospital acquired infection
Infections acquired during hospital stays

Nosocomial infection
ˌnɒsə'kəʊmɪəl 医院的
exogenous-infection endo-infection or
or Cross infection autogenous infection

iatrogenic infection
Medical apparatus
aɪˌætrə'dʒenɪk 医源性

mother-infant infection
Exogenous nosocomial infection /Cross infection

The patients suffer from non-self microbial invasion

(occurrence of hospital infection).

Endo-infection /Autogenous infection

For a certain reason, the normal bacteria change into opportunistic pathogen,
and the pathogen multiply in the body and cause infections.
Prevention of nosocomial infections
1. disinfection /sterilization
changes to hospital staff activities cha
nges to the patient environment chang
es to hospital environment
2. isolation precaution 隔离措施
3. rational usage bactericidal drug