MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY

Medical Microbiology Specialties

Bacteriology
INTRODUCTION
study of bacteria
Begins on the review of the immune system, evolved from the need of physicians to test
focusing on body's response to invading and apply the germ theory and disease and
microorganisms. from economic concerns relating to the
covers all the way from bacteriology, spoilage of foods and wine
virology, mycology and parasitology initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology
derived from the identification and
Immunology characterization of bacteria associated with
specific diseases.
EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
koch's postulate was used (relationship
consist of factors that provide innate and
between bacteria and disease)
acquired immunity, and has evolved to
advances in this field resulted in the
become more specific, complex, efficient,
creation of vaccine and discovery of
and regulated.
antibiotics
its principal function is to defend against
infecting and other foreign agents by Virology
determining what is "self" and "non-self", as
study of viruses
well as marshal protective response from
viral infection posed a relatively greater and
leukocytes
less controlled threat to human health.
if dysregulated, can cause autoimmune
viruses can infect all forms of life.
disease or to fail its principle.
virus has a unique structure that permits it
ORGANIZATION/COMPONENT/FUNCTIONS
to be simultaneously adaptive and selective.
divided into compartments:
1. lymphoid and reticuloendothelial System Mycology
(RES) - houses leukocytes
2. hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cell- study of fungi
derived from pluripotent stem cells 70,000 recognized species of fungi and 300
cells of immune system intercommunicate are known to cause human infection
by ligand-receptor interactions between fungal diseases in humans are relatively
cells and / via secreted molecules called benign
cytokines. fungi are eukaryotes
Leukocytes host defenses against fungi are similar to
those utilized against bacterial disease
main cells in the immune system that except that the cell mediated response is
provides innate and acquired immunity. extremely important.
derived from myeloid and Lymphoid lineage.
involved in defense against parasites along
with other myeloid cells: eosinophil,
basophil and their tissue counterpart, as
well as mast cell.
regulates action of other leukocytes and
generate specific immune response that
prevent chronic or recurrent infections
 Parasitology Type of infectious disease

Includes the study of, parasitic Protozoa, VIRAL INFECTION- viruses that get inside
parasitic(unicellular) helminth (worms) and your cell and use its machineries to make
arthropods (multicellualr) that cause copies of themselves
disease or act as vectors of various BACTERIAL INFECTION- certain bacteria
pathogens. releases toxins that is harmful to human
parasitic disease can be transferred from FUNGAL INFECTION- The live in or on your
animal to humans. body, which causes sickness.
PARASITIC INFECTION- uses your body to
Fungi V.S Parasites live and reproduce
FUNGI TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM
Belongs to fungi kingdom ENCEPHALOPATHIES (TSEs) - Caused by
important organisms due to their ecological prions, which are rare.
and economic roles.
they contribute to the recycling if nutrients
by decomposition of dead organic materials
fungal disease are harder to treat
PARASITES
belongs to several kingdom
organisms that live in or on another
different organism called host and obtain
nutrient and shelter from the host without
destroying it.
PARASITISM is a form of symbiotic
association, that allows parasite to take
benefit from the host while causing injury.
most are motile
2 MAIN CLASSES OF PARASITES
1. protozoa that includes all unicellular
organism
2. Metazoan, contains all multi cellular
parasites.

Prion Disease
group of rare neurodegenerative disorders
that can affect both humans and animals.
can be acquired through contaminated food
or medical equipment
inherited via mutation
Common infectious diseases caused by viruses:
Common cold. – rest and sleep, drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration, and gargle salt
water to soothe a sore throat
The flu (influenza). – influenza antiviral drugs
COVID-19. – antiviral drug remdesivir (Veklury), Paxlovid,
Stomach flu (gastroenteritis). – antiemetic such as promethazine, prochlorperazine,
metoclopramide, or ondansetron
Hepatitis. – antiviral treatments such as entecavir(Baraclude), tenofovir(Viread),
lamivudine(Epivir), adefovir(Hepsera), and telbivudine
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). – palivizumab and ribavirin
Common infectious diseases caused by bacteria:
Strep throat. – penicillin or amoxicillin
Salmonella. - antibiotic
Tuberculosis. – isoniazid and rifampicin for 6 month, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the
first 2 months of the 6-months treatment period
Whooping cough (pertussis). - antibiotics
Chlamydia, gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). - antibiotics
Urinary tract infections (UTIs). – antibiotics(trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole,
Fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, and cefriaxone
E. coli. – no current treatments, just rest and fluids to help prevent dehydration and fatigue
Clostridioides difficile (C. diff). – antibiotics(vancomycin and fidaxomicin)
Common infectious diseases caused by fungi:
Ringworm (like athlete’s foot). – prescription-strength antifungal medication (lotion, cream
or ointment)
Fungal nail infections. – oral antifungal drugs - itraconazole(sporanox), medicated nail
polish - ciclopirox(penlac), and medicated nail cream – efinaconazole(jublia)
tavaborole(kerydin).
Vaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection). – short-course vaginal therapy or single-dose
oral medication
Thrush. – antifungal medication(lozenges, tablets, or a liquid that you swish your mouth and
then swallow
Common infectious diseases caused by parasites:
Giardiasis. – metronidazole(flagyl), tinidazole(tindamax), nitazoxanide(alinia)
Toxoplasmosis. – pyrimethamine(daraprim), leucovorin calcium, sulfadiazine
Hookworms. -
Pinworms. – mebendazole and albendazole