MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY
Microbiology for the health sciences
CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROORGANISMS
Some of them are not alive
they are the largest number of living
organism on the planet
in 1674 ANTON VAN LEEUWOENHOEK
observed microorganisms for the first time
MICROORGANISM
the uni-celllar (single celled) or multi cellular
organisms which are invisible to the naked
eye when taken individually are called
microorganisms
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, virus.
Bacteria
Unicellular organisms
lacks nucleus (prokaryotic)
exist is shapes such as : coccus, bacillus,
spirilla and vibrio.
can either be classified as "GRAM-POSITIVE"
or "GRAM NEGATIVE"
Fungi
Eukaryotic cells
multicellular and cell walls are composed of
chitin
obtains nutrients by absorbing organic
material in the environment., through
symbiotic with plants, or symbiotic with a
host
Protozoa
Unicellular aerobic eukaryotes
obtains nourishments by absorption or
ingestion through specialized structures.
the cell walls are made up of cellulose
divided based on their locomotion
use structures such as cilia, pseudopodia
and flagella for locomotion.
Algae
Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
obtains nourishment by photosynthesis
lives in water, damp soil, and rocks
produces oxygen and carbon dioxide by
other organisms
Virus
Tiny infectious particle that lives inside of a
living organism
noncellular entities that consist of nucleic
acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a
protein coat.
Function and structure of
Eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
have nucleus enclosed within the nuclear
membrane and from large and complex
organism.
classified under kingdom EUKARYOTA
carries out various metabolic reactions
CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
1. have nucleus enclosed within a nuclear
membrane
2. has mitochondria
3. flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs
4. cell wall is the outermost layer
5. divides by mitosis
6. contains cytoskeletal structure
7. contains single linear DNA, which carries all
the genetic information.
STRUCTURE
PLASMA MEMBRANE- separates cell from
outside environment
CELL WALL- rigid structure present outside
the plant cell.; provides shape and helps in
cell-to-cell interaction

CYTOSKELETON- present inside cytoplasm,
provides perfect shape to the cell, anchors
organelles and stimulate cell movement.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- divides the cell
into : luminal and extra luminal
NUCLEUS- contains DNA and proteins,
ribosome production takes place here.
GOLGI APPARATUS- Made up of cisternae
RIBOSOMES- main site of protein synthesis,
composed of protein and ribonucleic acid.
MITOCHONDRIA- powerhouse of the cell,
helps regulate cell metabolism
LYSOSOMES- aka suicidal bags, possess
hydrolytic enzymes to digest protein, lipids,
carbohydrates an nucleic acid.
PLASTIDS- Double membraned structures.
Normal Flora
microbiota
lives on specific locations of the body
they can be beneficial or just do nothing.
prevents the body to be colonized with
dangerous bacteria
subjected to phagocytosis and do not
produce toxins
in case of weak immune system, normal
flora van become pathogenic
might cause infection if they move outside
of their normal habitat
RESIDENT FLORA
Occupy a particular body site
TRANSIENT FLORA
found on the outer surface of the skin and
easily removed by hand washing
Pathogens
an organism causing disease
can cause health issues
adhere to the cell and tissues and invades
the cell
resistant against phagocytosis
produces toxins and can alter metabolism of
the host cell
BACTERIA
microorganism made of single cell
FUNGI
can be found everywhere even in human
skin
VIRUSES
made up of genetic code and protected by
protein coating
PARASITES
organisms that behave like tiny animals,
living on the host.
Modes of disease transmission
CONTACT
DIRECT- passed on from person to person
without infecting an intermediate object or
person. can be skin to skin or mucous
membrane to mucous membrane
INDIRECT- pathogens are transferred via a
contaminated intermediate object or
person. can be via food, water or fecal
matter, or even fomites that become
contaminated by respiratory secretions. or
via blood transfusion.
DROPLET
respiratory droplets carrying pathogens
transmits infection when they travel from
respiratory tract of an infectious individual.
droplet traditionally have been larger than
5J.1 m in size.
AIRBORNE
occurs with dissemination of either airborne
droplet nuclei or small particles containing
pathogens
VEHICULAR
involves contaminated inanimate objects
VECTOR
includes bites of insects or arachnids
How infections develop in humans SPLEEN
blood filtering organ that removes microbes
BACTERIA and destroys and removes old and damaged
when bacteria enters the body and increase RBC
number inside BONE MARROW
FUNGI spongy tissue found inside the bones,
inhalation or landed spores on the skin, produces RBC and WBC and platelets
most likely to happen in those who have THYMUS
weakened immune system filter and monitors blood content
PRIONS producces T- lymphocytes
spread throughout lymphatic tissue and the
How immune system eliminates
enteric nervous system, finally reaching the
CNS, infects neurons then replicate microbes
PARASITES ANTIBODIES HELP THE BODY FIGHT THE
intake of water contaminated by parasites. MICROBES OR TOXINS THEY PRODUCE
they recognize antigens on the surface of
Immune system the microbes which marks them as foreign
they then destroy the microbes.
helps the body fight infections and other
diseases.
includes WBC and organs and tissues of
lymphatic system
differentiate non-self and self, and destroy
non-self
3rd line of defense.

Component of Immune system

WBC
made on the bone marrow and is part of the
lymphatic system.
move throughout the body looking for
foreign invaders
includes lymphocytes (B-cell, T- cell and
natural killer cells)
ANTIBODIES
protective proteins produced by the
immune system
attaches to antigens and remove them from
the body
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
made up of proteins whose actions
complements the work of antibodies
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
network or delicate tubes all throughout the
body.
made up of lymph nodes, lymph vessels and
WBC