Immunology and Hematology Department

2nd Semester
Open Book Exam in the 1st four lectures
Course name: Immunology
Course code: 1803331-2

Submission deadline: 23-04-2020

Student name in Arabic:‫أصيل عبدالرحمن الحربي‬
Student name in English: Aseel Abdulrahman Alharbi

Student ID :438004172 Group:1

Instructions to candidates
This examination represents 30 % of the total assessment in this course.
Total Marks for this Paper: 30

Number of Question: 12

EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Write your name and university number on the sheets.

2. Read the materials which are immunology lectures 1, 2, 3 and 4 and answer the below
questions.
3. The exam is an open book exam, so you can read while you answer these questions
4. This work is individually and self-learning, so each student should do it alone.
5. plagiarism, copy and paste are not allowed, so, please make sure to answer with your
owns words
6. illustrated figures, flowchart and table can be used to support your answer but please
make sure not to copy and paste them from the lectures.
7. The answer should be sent on the deadline which is 21-04-2020 to the following emails:
 Female students: aamogaty@uqu.edu.sa
 Male students: Tabukhari@uqu.edu.sa

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ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. Compare and contrast the innate and adaptive immune response in terms of specificity and
reaction time.

Specificity:
In general, innate immunity is considered a nonspecific response whereas
the adaptive immune system is thought of as being very specific. In addition, adaptive
immune response is directed only against agents that initiated it .
Reaction time:
Innate immunity:Fast: minutes or hours Adaptive immunity: Slow: about four to seven days

2. Summarize the three main lines of defense.

Innate Immune Defence Adaptive Immune Defence

(Non Specific) (Specific)

First line (External) Second line (internal) Third line

 Skin  Cell  Lymphocytes

 Mucous membranes
 Secretions of skin
mucous membranes
 Neutral killer cell.  Antibodies
and -Neutrophil, Macrophage,  Memory cell
Dendritic cell , Esoinophil and
basophil, Mast cell .
 Soluble factor
-Complement , cytokines
 Inflammation

3. Discuss the function of C3b and C5a?

 C3b is potent in opsonization: tagging pathogens, immune complexes (antigen-antibody), and

apoptotic cells for phagocytosis.

 C5a which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity that
promote recruitment and activation of neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cell activation
through its receptor ,

4. Describe the mechanism of antigen processing and presentation by a virally-infected cell to a

CD8 cytotoxic T cell. You may use a diagram to illustrate your answer.

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 1-Viral protein synthesized in the cytosol
2-Viral protein enters enzymatic channel (proteasome) which degrade viral proteins into small
pieces of peptides
3-Viral peptide antigen is translocated from cytosol into endoplasmic reticulum where assembly
of (peptide-class complexes) occurs , the transport of cytosolic peptide into endoplasmic
reticulum is achieved by TAP
4-Surface expression of peptide-class I complex , Ag presentation through MHC-I depend on
interaction between T cell receptor and peptide bound to MHC-I , after peptide Ag is presented to
CD8 , it causes direct killing to this Ag.

5. Explain why dendritic cells are important in connecting the innate and adaptive immune
response?

The function of dendritic cells (DCs) in linking innate to adaptive immunity is often happiness
with two terms. DCs are sentinels, able to capture, process and present antigens and to migrate to
lymphoid tissues to select rare, antigen-reactive T cell clones. The cells pf innate system (DCs)
use an example of APcs can run the adaptive system by activating T-helper cells which in turn
activate one of these two cell mediated or humoral immune system.

6. Describe how skin and mucous membranes are similar and different when defending against
pathogens?
Similar:
1-Parts of first line defense 2-Physical barriers 3- Prevent penetration of pathogens

Different:
Skin:
 Unlikable PH for bacteria.
 Layer of dead cells which are constantly sloughed off making it hard for invading bacteria to
colonize.
Mucous membranes:
 The flow washes viruses and bacteria from mucous membranes.
 Lysozymes present in mucous which is destroy bacterial cell walls.

7. What are the primary and the secondary lymphoid organs? Why are they important?

Primary: 1-Thymus 2-Bone Marrow

Also called “central lymphoid organs It is where immature lymphocytes develop Organs where
differentiation, proliferation and maturation of stem cells into immuno competent cells take place.

Secondary Like: Spleen , Lymph Nodes , Tonsils Appendix , Peyer’s patches

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 Organs act as sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the Ag , proliferation of lymphocytes and
turn into effector cells.

8. Discuss the relationship between eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. Make sure to discuss
their common function.

Mast cells are tissue resident cells and uniquely required for immediate hypersensitivity.
Basophils are largely circulating cells, but home to areas of allergic inflammation during the late
phase response. Eosinophils are resident to the GI tract, but also home to allergic inflammatory
sites. They are granulocytes having many granules containing histamine and other vasoactive
amine Involving in allergic inflammation and asthma. Mast cells – similar to basophils in blood :
mast cells are present in tissues and release histamine in response to wound , infections or
irritants. They are major cells in the early phases of allergic reactions. They are central effector
cells in allergic inflammation, as well as in innate and adaptive immunity. They are major
effector cells of innate immunity and play a fundamental role in the mechanisms of defense
against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. They also provide protection against multicellular
parasites such as parasitic worms (helminthes).Antigen-specific IgE production, with subsequent
fixation of IgE to FcεRI receptors on mast cellS and basophils, is central to the initiation and
propagation of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

9. Relate interferons to innate immune cells. Be specific about where they come from and what they
do?
The interferons are a family of cytokine mediators critically involved in alerting the cellular
immune system to viral infection of host cells. Interferons are one of the most important soluble
factors cytokine, in the innate immune system part . They are signaling proteins produced by
virus infected monocytes and lymphocytes, They provide innate defence against viruses by
interfering with virus replication and caution the around cells that a virus is around.

10. How does histamine relate to the inflammatory response?

As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by
mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the
capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the
infected tissues.

11. Where are the two types of MHC found? What are they each recognized by?

 MHC I are found on all nucleated body cells, recognized by cytotoxic CD8+ T- cells.
 MHC II are found on Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B cells, Langerhans cell,
recognized by CD4+ T helper cells.

12. Fill out the following table about the cells of the immune response. Put a check where
appropriate.

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 Macrophage NK Mast B
Eosinophil Basophil T Dendritic
Neutrophil (monocyte) cell cell cell
cell Cell

Innate √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Adaptive √ √
Phagocyte √ √

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 Can create memory √ √
Professional √ √ √ √
Antigen presenting
cell √ √ √
Allergic response √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Has PRRs √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Will respond to
PAMPs √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Probably has TLRs √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Produces interleukin √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Related to
complement
activation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

………………………………………………… THE END ………………………………………………………

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