Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

4th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, 2012

Chapter 7
THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW

 A process must satisfy the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics to proceed.

2
USES OF THE SECOND LAW

The 2nd law of thermodynamics

helps identify the direction of processes

asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity

is used in determining the theoretical limits for the performance

provides the necessary means to determine the degree of degradation

of energy during a process.

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 THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS
Bodies with A source
relatively supplies
large energy in
thermal the form
masses can of heat,
be modeled and a
as thermal sink
energy absorbs
reservoirs. it.

 thermal energy reservoir(reservoir). A hypothetical body with a relatively large thermal

energy capacity that can supply / absorb finite amounts of heat without temperature change

 i.e. oceans, lakes, rivers, atmospheric air

 Can a reservoir be small?

 Irresponsible management of waste energy can cause thermal pollution

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 HEAT ENGINES
 Work can always be converted to heat but the reverse is not true.

 Not Reversible ( transfer heat to water does not rotate the shaft)

 Converting the heat into work is possible by using heat engine

The devices that convert heat to work.

1. They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor, etc .)
2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a rotating shaft.)
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (atmosphere, rivers, etc.)
4. They operate on a cycle.
Heat engines and other cyclic devices usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is
transferred while undergoing a cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid.
Part of the heat
received by a heat
engine is converted
to work, while the
rest is rejected to a
sink. 5
A steam power plant

A portion of the work output of

a heat engine is consumed
internally to maintain
continuous operation.

6
Thermal efficiency

Schematic of
a heat engine.

Thermal efficiency of car engine “ guess “

Thermal efficiency of diesel engine “ another guess”

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Kelvin–Planck Statement

It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive

heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work.

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 Example
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at rate of 80 MW. If the rate waste
heat rejection to a river is 50 MW. Determine the net power output and the thermal
efficiency for this heat engine

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 Example
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at rate of 80 MW. If the rate waste
heat rejection to a river is 50 MW. Determine the net power output and the thermal
efficiency for this heat engine
Solution

30 MW

0.375

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 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS
• The transfer of heat from a low-
temperature medium to a high-
temperature one requires special
devices called refrigerators.
• Refrigerators, like heat engines,
are cyclic devices.
• The working fluid used in the
refrigeration cycle is called a
refrigerant.
• The most frequently used
refrigeration cycle is the vapor-
compression refrigeration
cycle.

In a household refrigerator, the

Basic components of a
refrigeration system and
typical operating conditions.
freezer compartment where heat is
absorbed by the refrigerant serves as
the evaporator, and the coils usually
behind the refrigerator where heat is
dissipated to the kitchen air serve as
the condenser. 14
 Coefficient of Performance
coefficient of performance (COP):

The objective of a refrigerator is to

remove QL from the cooled space.

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 The objective
Heat Pumps
of a heat
pump is to
supply heat
QH into the
warmer
space.

The work supplied

to a heat pump is
used to extract
energy from the
cold outdoors and
carry it into the
warm indoors.

for fixed values of QL and QH

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• Most existing heat pumps use the cold outside air as the heat source in winter
(air-source HP).
• In cold climates their efficiency drops considerably when temperatures are <0

• In such cases, geothermal (ground-source) HP that use the ground as the heat
source can be used.
• Such heat pumps are more expensive to install, but they are also more efficient.

• Air conditioners are basically refrigerators whose refrigerated space is a room or

a building instead of the food compartment.

• The COP of a refrigerator decreases with decreasing refrigeration temperature.

• Therefore, it is not economical to refrigerate to a lower temperature than needed.

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Example

Solution

18
Example

Solution

480kJ/min

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Clausius Statement

It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a

cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.

 It states that a refrigerator cannot operate unless its

compressor is driven by an external power source.

 The net effect on the surroundings involves the

consumption of some energy in the form of work, in
addition to the transfer of heat from a colder body to
a warmer one.

To date, no experiment has been conducted that A refrigerator that violates

contradicts the second law, and this should be taken as the Clausius statement of
sufficient proof of its validity. the second law.
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 REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
Reversible process:
A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings.

Irreversible process:
A process that is not reversible.
•Why are we interested in reversible processes?
(1) they are easy to analyze
(2) they serve as idealized models (theoretical limits)
to which actual processes can be compared.

Two familiar
reversible processes.
Reversible processes deliver the most and consume the least work.
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 THE CARNOT CYCLE

Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.

Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to T24
H)
 P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle.

Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)

Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH)

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally reversible cycle.
Therefore, all the processes that comprise it can be reversed, in which case it becomes
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the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE

For reversible cycles, the

heat transfer ratio QH /QL
can be replaced by the
absolute temperature ratio
TH /TL.

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 THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE

The Carnot
heat engine
is the most
efficient of
all heat
engines
operating
between the
same high-
and low-
temperature
reservoirs.

Any heat Carnot heat

engine engine

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Example A Carnot heat engine, shown in receives 500 kJ of
heat per cycle from a high-temperature source at 652°C and rejects
heat to a low-temperature sink at 30°C. Determine;
(a) the thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine and
(b) the amount of heat rejected to the sink per cycle.
Solution

0.672

For reversible

164kJ
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THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP

Any refrigerator or heat pump

Carnot refrigerator
or heat pump

No refrigerator can have a higher COP

than a reversible refrigerator operating
between the same temperature limits. 31
32
Example An entrepreneur walked in to the Dragon’s Den and claimed that
he had developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated space at 30°F
while operating in a room where the temperature is 70°F and that has a COP
of 13 Is this claim reasonable?
Solution

34
Example An entrepreneur walked in to the Dragon Den and claimed that he
had developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated space at 30°F
while operating in a room where the temperature is 70°F and that has a COP
of 13 Is this claim reasonable?
Solution

1
COPR ,max   12.25
[(70  460R ) /(30  460R )]  1

The claim is False

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Example A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter. The house is
to be maintained at 21°C at all times. The house is estimated to be losing heat at a
rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to 5°C. Determine the
minimum power required to drive this heat pump.
Solution

36
Example A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter. The house is to
be maintained at 21°C at all times. The house is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of
135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to - 5°C. Determine the minimum
power required to drive this heat pump.
Solution

…………. 1

We need to find COPHP,rev :

Sub in 1

3.32 kW

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Example Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump
at 800 kPa and 35°C at a rate of 0.018 kg/s and leaves at 800 kPa as a
saturated liquid. If the compressor consumes 1.2 kW of power. Determine;
(a) the COP of the heat pump
(b) the rate of heat absorption from the outside air.
Solution

Remember!!
The heat during a constant pressure process is the difference in the enthalpy

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Example Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump
at 800 kPa and 35°C at a rate of 0.018 kg/s and leaves at 800 kPa as a
saturated liquid. If the compressor consumes 1.2 kW of power. Determine;
(a) the COP of the heat pump
(b) the rate of heat absorption from the outside air.
Solution

39
Example A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 800 and 20°C.
One-half of the work output of the heat engine is used to drive a Carnot heat
pump that removes heat from the cold surroundings at 2°C and transfers it to
a house maintained at 22°C. If the house is losing heat at a rate of 62,000
kJ/h, determine the minimum rate of heat supply to the heat engine required
to keep the house at 22°C..
Solution

We need to find COPHP,C

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Problem. Refrigerant-134a enters the evaporator coils placed
at the back of the freezer section of a household refrigerator at
120 kPa with a quality of 20 percent and leaves at 120 kPa and
-20°C. If the compressor consumes 450 W of power and the
COP the refrigerator is 1.2, determine (a) the mass flow rate of
the refrigerant and (b) the rate of heat rejected to the kitchen
Solution.

41
Problem. A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle and
has a thermal efficiency of 55 percent. The waste heat from
this engine is rejected to a nearby lake at 60°F at a rate of 800
Btu/min. Determine (a) the power output of the engine and (b)
the temperature of the source
Solution

44
Problem. From work-production prospective, which is more
valuable (a) Thermal energy reservoirs at 675 K and 325 K or
(b) Thermal energy reservoirs at 625 K and 275 K?
Solution

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Problem. From work-production prospective, which is more
valuable (a) Thermal energy reservoirs at 675 K and 325 K or
(b) Thermal energy reservoirs at 625 K and 275 K?
Solution

46
Problem.
A heat engine with thermal efficiency of 40% rejects
1000 kJ/kg of heat.How much heat does it receive?
Solution

47
Problem.
A heat engine with thermal efficiency of 40% rejects
1000 kJ/kg of heat. How much heat does it receive?
Solution

48