Concrete Materials

CENG 2909

Abenezer T.
February 2021

1
Chapter Three
Concrete

2
 Contents

1 Introduction

2 Water

3 Aggregate

4 Admixture

5 Properties of Concrete
 Introduction
 Concrete is the most commonly used man made construction
material in the world, and is the second as the most utilized
substance on the planet after water.
 The secrete of its popularity lies in the simple fact that except
cement, all other ingredients of concrete are commonly available
local materials like aggregate and water.
 The hardening is caused by chemical reaction between water and
cement and it continues for a long time, and consequently the
concrete grows stronger with age.
 Constituents of Concrete

Portland Cement
Water Paste
Air (entrapped or entrained)

Concrete
Fine Aggregate (Sand)
Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate (Gravel)

Admixture (If required)

5
 Introduction
 The property of concrete varies depending on
 The quality of the constituent,

 Proportion of the concrete mix,

 Quality of the workmanship

 Constituents …..

Portland Cement :7% to 15% by Vol.

Water :14% to 21% by Vol.
Air Admixture
Aggregates :60% to 75% 2% 2%
Fine Aggregate
• coarse aggregates Coarse Aggregate 20-25%
35-45%

• Fine aggregates
Water
14-21%

Up to 2% air Cement
7-11%
(depending on top size of coarse aggregate)
 Advantages of Concrete
Good-quality concrete has many advantages:
 Concrete is economical in the long run as compared
to other engineering materials.
 Concrete possesses a high compressive strength,
and the corrosive and weathering effects are
minimal.
 It has the ability to be molded or cast into almost any
desired shape.
 It is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-
safe and able withstand high temperatures.
 It is durable and requires very little maintenance.

8
 Disadvantages of Concrete

Some of disadvantages of concrete are:

 Has low tensile strength and hence cracks easily.
(Should be reinforced)
 Can undergo some type of shrinkage, creep and not
entirely impervious.
 Difficult quality control on building sites, with the risk of
cracking and gradual deterioration, if wrongly mixed,
placed and insufficiently cured with water.

9
 1. Aggregates

 Aggregates are the filler materials which make up a large

portion (roughly 65-80%) of the concrete volume.
 Classification of Aggregates

Aggregates

Based on
Based on Based on Based on
Mode of
Source Weight Size
Formation

Natural Sedimentary Light Coarse

Artificial Metamorphic Normal Fine

Igneous Heavy
 I. Based on Source
Natural Aggregates :
 Are taken from natural deposits without change in their
nature during production, with the exception of crushing,
sizing, grading, or during production.

 In this group crushed stone, gravel, and sand are the

most common.

Artificial aggregates: include blast furnace slag and recycled

aggregates.
Recycled-Concrete Aggregate
 II. Based on Mode of Formation
 Peridotite  Carbon
A. Igneous rocks: C. Sedimentary rocks:
 Granite  Basalt
 Conglomerate  Chert
 Diorite  Sandstone
 Gabbro  Claystone,
siltstone,
argillite, and
shale

B. Metamorphic
rocks:
 Marble
 Metaquartzite
 Slate
 Phyllite
 Schist
 III. Based on Unit Weight

A. Normal-Weight Aggregate
Most common aggregates
 Sand
 Gravel
 Crushed
 Produce stone
normal-weight concrete 2200 to
2400 kg/m3
 Based on Unit Weight…..

B. Lightweight Aggregate

 Shale  Scoria
 Clay  Perlite
 Slate  Vermiculit
e
 Slag
 Diatomite
 Pumice

 Produce structural lightweight concrete 250 to

1850 kg/m3
 Based on Unit Weight…..
C. Heavyweight Aggregate

 Barite
 Limonite
 Magnetite
 Ilmenite
 Hematite
 Iron
 Steel punching or shot
 Produce high-density concrete up to 6400
kg/m3
 III. Based on Size
A. Fine Aggregate

 Sand and/or
crushed stone

 < 4.75 mm

 F.A. content
usually 35% to
45% by mass or
volume of total
aggregate
 Based on Size…..
B. Coarse Aggregate

 Gravel and
crushed stone
  4.75 mm
 typically between
9.5 and 37.5 mm
 Properties of Aggregates
Important properties of aggregates include:
 Gradation (grain size distribution)
 Shape and surface texture
 Bulk unit weight
 Specific gravity (relative density)
 Absorption
 Hardness (resistance to abrasion or wear)
 Durability (resistance to weathering)
 Crushing strength
 Cleanliness (deleterious substances)
 Chemical stability
 Properties of Aggregates……
1. Gradation of Aggregate
Is the distribution of particles of angular materials among various
sizes.
 Properties of Aggregates……

The gradation of aggregates influences

the amount of paste required
the workability of the concrete
the strength and
water tightness of the finished product
 In general, it is desirable that the size increase uniformly from fine
sand to the maximum allowed for a given job.
 Most specifications for concrete require a grain size distribution
that will provide a dense and strong mixture.
 Maximum Size vs. Nominal Maximum
Size of Aggregate

 Maximum size ― is the smallest sieve that all of a

particular aggregate must pass through.
 Nominal maximum size ― is the standard sieve
opening immediately smaller than the smallest
through which all of the aggregate must pass.
 The nominal maximum-size sieve may retain 5% to
15%
 Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate

Size should not exceed ―

 1/5 then narrowest dimension

between sides of forms
 3/4 clear spacing between rebars and
between rebars and the form
 1/3 depth of slabs
 Properties of Aggregates……

 The grading or particle size distribution of aggregate is

determined by a sieve analysis.
 Sieve analysis is the name given to the operation of dividing a
sample of aggregate into various fractions each consisting of
particles of the same size.
 A sample of aggregate for sieve analysis is first surface dried and
then sieved through the series, starting with the largest.
 The material retained on each sieve after shaking represents the
fraction of aggregate coarser than the sieve in question and finer
than the sieve above.
 Properties of Aggregates……
 The summation of the cumulative percentage of material retained
on the sieves divided by 100 is called the fineness modulus.
 It is used as an index to the fineness or coarseness and
uniformity of aggregate supplied.
 The fineness modulus (FM) must not be less than 2.3 nor more
than 3.1
 Fine-Aggregate Grading Limits

Sieve size Percent passing by mass

9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 to 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
1.18 mm (No. 16) 50 to 85
600 µm (No. 30) 25 to 60
300 µm (No. 50) 5 to 30 (AASHTO 10 to 30)
150 µm (No. 100) 0 to 10 (AASHTO 2 to 10)
Coarse Aggregate Grading

Percent passing
Sieve size
by mass
37.5 mm (1½ in.) 100
25.0 mm (1 in.) 95 to 100
12.5 mm (½ in.) 25 to 60
4.75 mm (No. 4) 0 to 10
2.36 mm (No. 8) 0 to 5
Grading Limits
 Properties of Aggregates……
Ex-1 Sieve Analysis Results for Fine Aggregate (sample size =
500g)
 Properties of Aggregates……
Ex-1 Gradation Curve for Fine Aggregate
Properties of Aggregates……
Reduction of Voids
 Properties of Aggregates……
2. PARTICLE SHAPE
 The shape of aggregate is an important characteristic since it
affects the workability and strength of concrete.
 Not only the characteristic of the parent rock, but also the type of
crusher used will influence the shape of aggregates.
 From the standpoint of economy in cement for a given w/c ratio,
rounded aggregates are preferable to angular aggregates.
 Properties of Aggregates……

 Angular aggregates give higher strength and sometimes greater

durability as a result of interlocking texture in the hardened
concrete.
 Flat particles in concrete aggregates will have particularly
objectionable influence on the workability, cement requirement,
strength and durability. In general, excessively flat aggregates
make very poor concrete
 Aggregate should be free of flat or elongated particles. Because
they require an increase in mixing water and thus may affect the
strength of concrete particularly in flexure.
Properties of Aggregates……
 Properties of Aggregates……

3. Quality of Aggregates:
An aggregate for concrete must be clean, sound, hard and strong and
durable. Harmful substances which may present in aggregate may be
classified as follows.
a) Substance causing an adverse chemical reaction.
E.g. organic materials such as loam, humus, sugar, etc.
b) Substances which undergo disruptive expansion example, shale,
colloidal silica (chert), iron Oxide etc …
 Properties of Aggregates……

c) Clay and surface coatings

 Dust increase water requirement and clay prevents good bond
between cement paste and Aggregate.

d) Particles having an unduly flat oven elongated shape (offsets

workability).
e) Structurally soft or weak particles.
 Give lower strength and increase drying, shrinkage, abrasion.
 Properties of Aggregates……
f) Alkali- Aggregate Reactivity .
 is a reaction between the active mineral constituents of some
aggregates and the sodium and potassium alkali hydroxides and
calcium hydroxide in the concrete
 Causes abnormal expansion, map cracking, and popouts
 Company Logo

Properties of Aggregates……
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY & UNIT WT OF AGGREGATE
ii. APPARENT SP.GR.:- is the ratio of the wt in air of a materials (oven
dry)of a given volume solid matter to the wt. in air of an equal volume of
distilled water.
ii. Bulk Sp. GR (OD):- is the ratio of the wt in air of a materials (oven
dry)of a given volume solid matter plus impermeable pores or voids to
the wt. in air of an equal volume of distilled water.
iii. Bulk Sp. GR (SSD):- is defined as the ratio of the wt in air of a given
volume of a permeable(saturated surface dry) material ( including both
its permeable & impermeable voids) to the wt in air of equal volume of
water.
 Aggregates……

  
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & UNIT WT OF AGGREGATE
i. APPARENT SP.GR =

Ii. Bulk Sp. GR(OD) =

iii. Bulk Sp. GR(SSD) =

UNIT - WT (BULK DENSITY):- The unit wt of aggregate is the wt. of

a unit volume of aggregate. usually stated in kg/m3.

Ut.Wt=
 Properties of Aggregates……

4. ABSORPTION & MOISTURE CONTENT

Two types of moisture are recognized in aggregates:
 Absorbed moisture
 Moisture Content
 Surface moisture
Absorbed moisture is that which is taken in by the voids in aggregate
particles and may not be apparent on the surface.
Surface moisture is that which clings to the surface of the particle.
 Properties of Aggregates……
The moisture conditions of aggregates are designated as follows :
 Company Logo

Aggregates……

Absorption Capacity: maximum amount of water aggregate can

absorb
Absorption Capacity (%) = [(WSSD – WOD)/WOD] X 100
Moisture Content: amount of water aggregate have in any state
Moisture Content (%) = [(WAGG – WOD)/WOD] X 100
Surface Moisture: water on surface of aggregate particles
Surface Moisture (%) = Moisture Content (%)- Absorption
Capacity(%)
 Water
It is needed for two purposes:
 Chemical reaction with cement

 Workability

only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction extra water
remains in pores and holes.
 Water……
 Is Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and for
workability.
 Is Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
Any impurities present will affect bond strength between the paste
and aggregate.
The total amount of water required per unit volume of fresh concrete
depends on:
 The desired consistency/workability

 The maximum size, particle shape, and grading of aggregate

 The water reducing or air entraining admixtures

 Water……
Undesirable effects of impurities in mixing water:
Impurities in mixing water may cause any one or all of the following:
 Abnormal setting time
 Decreased strength
 Volume changes
 Efflorescence
 Corrosion of reinforcement
 Water……
Some of the impurities in mixing water that cause undesirable effects
in the final concrete:
1.ALKALI CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE
 Carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium have
different effects on the setting times of different cements.
 Sodium carbonate can cause very rapid setting.
 In large concentrations, these salts can materially reduce
concrete strength.
 Can attack the cement-aggregate bond, leading to early
disintegration of the concrete.
 Water……

2. CHLORIDE
 Concern over a high chloride content in mixing water is chiefly
due to the possible adverse effect of chloride ions on the
corrosion of reinforcing steel.
 Chloride ions attack the protective oxide film formed on the steel
by the highly alkaline (pH greater than12.5) chemical environment
present in concrete.
 Water……
3. SULFATE
Concern over a high sulphate content in mix water is due to possible
expansive reactions and deterioration by sulphate attack, especially
in areas where the concrete will be exposed to high sulphate soils or
water.
4. SEAWATER
 Seawater containing less than three percent salt is generally
acceptable for plain concrete but not for reinforced concrete.
 The presence of salt can lead to corrosion of the reinforcing bars
and a decrease in concrete strength by some 10-15%.
Water……
Admixture
 Air-entraining admixtures
 Water-reducing admixtures
 Plasticizers
 Accelerating admixtures
 Retarding admixtures
 Hydration-control
admixtures
 Corrosion inhibitors
 Shrinkage reducers
 ASR inhibitors
 Coloring admixtures
 Miscellaneous admixtures
 Admixtures……
The major reasons for using admixtures are:
1. To reduce the cost of concrete construction

2. To achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively than

by other means

3. To maintain the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing,

transporting, placing, and curing in adverse weather conditions

4. To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations

 Air-Entraining Admixtures
 Air-entraining admixtures are used to purposely introduce and
stabilize microscopic air bubbles in concrete.
Uses:
 Improve durability in concrete exposed to
 Freeze-thaw
 Deicers
 Sulfates
 Alkali-reactive environments
 Improve workability
Frost Damage
 Water-Reducing Admixtures
 Water-reducing admixtures are used to reduce the quantity of mixing
water required to produce concrete of a certain slump, reduce water-
cement ratio, reduce cement content, or increase slump. Typical water
reducers reduce the water content by approximately 5% to 10%.

 Primarily used to:

 Reduce mixing water required to produce a certain slump
 Reduce water-cement ratio
 Reduce cement content
 Increase slump
 Drawbacks: Rapid slump loss results in reduced workability and
less time to place concrete.
 Water Reducing Admixtures

ASTM C 494 or AASHTO M 194

 Type A ―
 reduces water content at least 5%
 tends to retard ― accelerator often
added
 Type D ―
 reduces water content 5% min.
 retards set
 Type E ―
 reduces water content 5% min.
 accelerates set
 Mid-Range Water Reducing
Admixtures

 Reduce water content 6% to 12%

 Reduce cement content
 Reduce water-cement ratio
 No retardation
 Improve placeability and finishability
 High-Range Water-Reducing
Admixtures

ASTM C 494 or AASHTO M 194

Type F― Water Reducing

Type G ― Water Reducing and
Retarding

 Reduce H2O content 12% -30%

 Reduced W/C produces conc. with:
 Compressive Strength > 70 MPa
 Increased early strength gain
 Reduced Cl ion penetration
 Plasticizers for Flowing
Concrete

 Also known as ―Superplasticizers

 Essentially High-Range Water Reducer
Type 1 ―Plasticizing

Type 2 ― Plasticizing and Retarding

Uses:
 Produce flowing concrete with high slump (190 mm)

 Reduce bleeding
 Plasticizers for Flowing
Concrete

 Following are a applications where flowing concrete is used:

(1) thin-section placements
(2) areas of closely spaced and congested reinforcing steel,
(3) Underwater placements,
(4) Pumped concrete to reduce pump pressure, thereby
increasing lift and distance capacity,
(5) Areas where conventional consolidation methods are
impractical or can not be used,
(6) For reducing handling costs.
 Flowing
Concrete

Flowing Concrete
 Retarding Admixtures
Delay setting or hardening rate for:
 Offset the accelerating effect of hot weather on the setting of
concrete.

 Delay the initial set of concrete or grout when difficult or

unusual conditions of placement occur

 Delay the set for special finishing techniques, such as an

exposed aggregate surface.
 Hydration-Control Admixtures
They consist of a two-part chemical system:
(1) A retarder that essentially stops the hydration of cementing
materials, and
(2) An activator that reestablishes normal hydration and setting
when added to the stabilized concrete. The stabilizer can suspend
hydration for 72 hours and the activator is added to the mixture
just before the concrete is used.
 These admixtures make it possible to reuse concrete returned in a
ready-mix truck by suspending setting overnight.
 Accelerating Admixtures
Accelerate the rate of:
 Hydration (setting)
 Early-age strength gain

 Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is the chemical most commonly used in

accelerating admixtures, especially for nonreinforced concrete.
Calcium chloride accelerators drawbacks:
 Increase drying shrinkage, potential reinforcement corrosion,
potential scaling

 Darken concrete
Properties of Concrete

Fresh Concrete
 Fresh Concrete……
Fresh concrete or plastic concrete is a freshly mixed material which
can be molded in to any shape.
 Fresh Concrete……

Transporting
Gathering
Ingredients Proportioning Mixing

& finishing
Compaction
Placing
Hardened
Concrete

Curing
 Fresh Concrete……

Major properties of fresh concrete

Fresh concrete is also known as plastic concrete. The major
Properties of concrete in its plastic state are:
 Workability
 Consistency
 Segregation
 Bleeding…etc
 1. Workability

 Is the easy and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed,

compacted and furnish and serve the purpose it is intended for
when hardened.
 Concrete that is stiff or dry may be difficult to handle, place,
compact, and finish will not be as strong or durable when finally
hardened.
 Workability is a parameter, a mix designer is required to specify
in the mix design process, with full understanding of the type of
work, distance of transport, loss of slump, method of placing, and
many other parameters involved.
 2. Consistency

Indicate the degree of fluidity or the degree of mobility or the freshly

mixed concrete.
 A concrete which has a high consistence and which is a more
mobile, need not be of right workability for a particular job, every
job requires a particular workability.
 Fresh Concrete……
Factors that affect workability and consistency
 Water content
 shape of aggregates
 Grading of Aggregates Aggregate Properties

 Size of Aggregates
 Surface Texture of Aggregates
 Admixtures
 Mix Proportion
 Fresh Concrete……
 Water content: Water content in a given volume of concrete,
will have significant influences on the workability. The higher
the water content per cubic meter of concrete, the higher will
be the fluidity of concrete, which is one of the important
factors affecting workability.
 Mix Proportions: The higher the aggregate/cement ratio, the
leaner is the concrete. In lean concrete, less quantity of paste
is available for providing lubrication, per unit surface area of
aggregate and hence the mobility of aggregate is restrained.
On the other hand, in case of rich concrete with lower
aggregate/cement ratio, more paste is available to make the
mix cohesive and fatty to give better workability.
 Fresh Concrete……
 Size of Aggregate: The bigger the size of the aggregate, the
less is the surface area and hence less amount of water is
required for wetting the surface and less paste is required for
lubricating the surface to reduce internal friction. For a given
quantity of water and paste, bigger size of aggregates will give
higher workability.
 Fresh Concrete……
Surface Texture: The influence of surface texture on workability is
again due to the fact that the total surface area of rough textured
aggregate is more than the surface area of smooth rounded
aggregate of same volume.
 Rough textured aggregate will show poor workability and
smooth or smooth textured aggregate will give better
workability.
 A reduction of inter particle frictional resistance offered by
smooth aggregates also contributes to higher workability.
 Fresh Concrete……
Grading of Aggregates: This is one of the factors which will have
maximum influence on workability. A well graded aggregate is the
one which has least amount of voids in a given volume.
 Other factors being constant, when the total voids are less,
excess paste is available to give better lubricating effect.
 Aggregate particles will slide past each other with the least
amount of compacting efforts. The better the grading, the less
is the void content and higher the workability.
 Fresh Concrete……
 Use of Admixtures: of all the factors mentioned above, the
most import factor which affects the workability is the use of
admixtures. Plasticizers and superplasticizers greatly improve
the workability many folds.
 3. Segregation
Segregation is separation of coarse aggregates from the mass of
concrete.
Segregation results from:
 Badly proportioned mix where sufficient paste is not there to
bind and contain the aggregates.

 Insufficiently mixed concrete.

 High consistency (excess water content).

 Dropping fresh concrete from a height.

 Segregation…..
 Conveyance of concrete by conveyor belt, wheel barrow,
dumper, etc to a long distance.

 Excessive or inadequate vibration.

Precautions to control segregation

 Placing concrete near its final position, instead of falling from
greatest heights

 Mix the concrete thoroughly

 Use a well graded aggregate

 Applying Admixtures : Plasticizer and air entraining

admixture.
 4. Bleeding
Bleeding is the appearance of water on concrete surface.
 It results from the inability of constituent materials to hold all the
mixing water as the relatively heavy solids settle.
 The rising water tends to carry with it many fine properties which
weakness the top portion.
 Bleeding is predominantly observed in a highly wet mix, badly
proportioned and insufficiently mixed concrete.
 bleeding……
Water while travelling from bottom to top, makes continuous
channels. This continuous bleeding channels are often responsible
for causing permeability of the concrete structures
Measures to minimize bleeding
 Using well graded and proportioned aggregates
 Increasing amount of cement
 Applying air entering agents
 Reducing amount of water
 Measurement of workability

Some of the methods of measuring workability that is wetness or

fluidity are:
 Slump test: for general use concrete

 Compacting factor test: for concrete with slump of 0(very

dry).

 Vebe Time test : also for very dry mix

 Flow test: For flowable mix

 Measurement of workability

Slump test:
 the most commonly used method for measuring the
workability of fresh concrete both in field and in laboratory
A. True Slump - Has even subsidence. This type of slump indicates a well-
proportioned concrete.

B. Shear Slump - Half of the cone slides, difficult to measure, and results
from harsh mixes deficient in fine aggregates. Shear slump indicates that
the concrete is non-cohesive and shows the characteristic of segregation.

C. Collapse Slump - Difficult to measure, results from very wet mixes.

Usually, when shear or collapse slump occur, the test is considered invalid.
 Measurement of workability

Slump test:
Harden Concrete
 I. Strength of concrete
 Since most concrete structures are designed to resist
compressive stress, it is this property which usually prescribed by
codes.
The strength of concrete is affected by a number of factors:
A. Effects of water/cement ratio
The water-cement ratio is the main factor affecting the compressive
strength of concrete at all ages.
 Strength of concrete primarily depends upon the strength of
cement paste.
 Lower water/cement ratios lead to higher strengths.
 Every increase of 0.01 in the water-cement ratio decreases the
strength by 1-1.5 N/mm2.
Strength..
 Strength..
B. Effect of Compaction
 it is not only the water/ cement ratio but also the degree of
compaction, which indirectly means the volume of air filled voids
in the concrete is taken into account in estimating the strength of
concrete.
 The presence of additional 1% voids in the mix reduces the
strength of concrete by 5%.
 Strength..
B. Effect of cement
 The effect of cement on strength of concrete is dependent both on
its type and quantity.
 The early strength of cement is related to tricalcium silicate
(C3S)content – the higher the C3S content relative to the C2S
content, more quickly the strength gained after mixing.
 Higher cement content increases strength and the heat generated.
 Finer cement causes faster hydration rate, more heat and faster
strength development.
Storage of cement :The quality of cement stored in bags gradually
deteriorates due to hydration. The loses in strength for different periods
of storage are 15% in 3 months, 30% in 6 months, and 50% in a year.
 Strength..
C. Effect of aggregates
 For a constant water cement ratio and the same degree of
compaction, the compressive strength of concrete decreases
when the specific surface area of the aggregate increases.
 For the same cement content and degree of compaction, when the
quantity of fine is increased, the demand for higher amount of
water arises and consequently leads to a weaker concrete.
Size:
Too large or too fine aggregate decrease strength.
Shape and Texture:
Crushed or rough surface provides better early strength and similar
long term strength as smooth aggregate.
Gradation: well grade aggregates insures better strength.
 Strength..
D. Effect of Age and curing condition
 From an age of about 12 hours, the strength of concrete increases
rapidly with time.
 Correlations between strength at different ages are important
since they often form the basis of 28 day, or later, strength
prediction, by testing at early ages.

 Best strength is ultimately obtained with concrete that is

continuously moist cured.
 Without moist curing, potential strength may reduce by 50%.
 Durability
 In practice, concrete is designed and constructed in order to build
permanent structures.
 However, at times, its service life may be markedly reduced by the
disintegrating effects of either the environment to which it is
exposed or by internal causes within its mass.
 The durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process
of deterioration.
 Durability
 Durable concrete will retain its original form, quality, and
serviceability when exposed to its environment.
Two key factors affecting durability are:
 compressive strength, and

 permeability.

Low strength and high permeability decrease durability.

 Shrinkage and Creep
SHRINKAGE
Volume change is one of the most detrimental properties of concrete,
which affects the long term strength and durability.
Shrinkage can be classified in the following way:
 Plastic shrinkage
 Drying shrinkage
 Carbonation shrinkage
 Shrinkage..
Plastic Shrinkage
 Shrinkage of this type manifests itself soon after the concrete is
placed in the form while the concrete is still in the plastic state.
 Plastic shrinkage is considered to be reduction of volume of
plastic concrete (typically during first 12 hours after placement)
 Loss of water by evaporation from the surface of concrete or
absorption by the aggregate or subgrade, is believed to be the
reason of plastic shrinkage.
 Shrinkage..
 Plastic shrinkage can be reduced mainly by preventing the rapid
loss of water.
 Shrinkage..
Drying Shrinkage
 Shrinkage due to drying of hardened concrete.
Drying shrinkage of concrete is affected by:
a) Water content,

b) Cement content and quantity of the paste,

c) Composition and fineness of cement,

d) Type and grading of the aggregate,

e) Size and shape of the concrete mass, and

f) Curing condition
 shrinkage..
Carbonation shrinkage
 probably caused by dissolution of crystals of calcium hydroxide
and deposition of calcium carbonate in its place .
 As the new product is less in volume than the produce replace,
shrinkage takes place
 Creep

 Creep can be defined as the “time dependent” part of the strain

resulting from stress.
 The gradual increase in strain, without increase in stress, with the
time is due to creep.
 From this explanation creep can be defined as the increase in
strain under sustained stress.
 Creep is a very gradual change in length (deformation) which
occurs over time when a material is subjected to sustained load.
 Creep..
Factors which influence creep are:
 Applied stress
 W/c ratio
 Curing condition
 Temperature
 Moisture
 Cement composition
 Chemical admixture
 Specimen geometry