What is Network Protocol?

 It is like a language used to make two computers to talk

to each other.

 Communication between the nodes in a packet data

network must be precisely defined to ensure correct
interpretation of the packets by the receiving
intermediate and the end system.
What is TCP/IP?
 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol.

 TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication

between computers on the Internet.

 TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers)

should be connected to the Internet, and how data
should be transmitted between them.
What is TCP/IP?
 TCP takes care of communication between your
application software and your network software.
 IP takes care of the communication with other
computers.
 TCP is responsible for breaking data into IP packets
before they are sent and for assembling the packets
when they arrive.
 IP is responsible for sending the packets to the correct
destination.
TCP/IP Architecture
TCP/IP Encapsulation
TCP/IP Decapsulation
Application Layer
 The responsibility at this layer are simply to implement
the functions that are needed by users of the network.

 To issue the appropriate commands to make use of the

services provide by lower layers.

 This layer makes the communication between programs

and the transport protocol.
Different protocols that work on
Application Layer
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
FTP( File Transfer Protocol)
DNS ( Domain Name System)
Features, Operation, and Use of TCP/IP
Application Layer Services
Describe the features of the HTTP protocol and how
this protocol supports the delivery of web pages to
the client
Features, Operation, and Use of TCP/IP
Application Layer Services
Describe the features of the POP and SMTP protocols,
and how these protocols support e-mail services
How Application Layer works
Transport Layer
 The Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host
Transport layer) is responsible for providing the
Application layer with session and datagram
communication services.

 The core protocols of the Transport layer are

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Transport Layer Protocol
 TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented, reliable
communications service. TCP is responsible for the
establishment of a TCP connection, the sequencing and
acknowledgment of packets sent, and the recovery of packets
lost during transmission.
 UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many, connectionless,
unreliable communications service. UDP is used when the
amount of data to be transferred is small (such as the data
that would fit into a single packet), when the overhead of
establishing a TCP connection is not desired or when the
applications or upper layer protocols provide reliable delivery.
Data Packet on the Transport Layer
How TCP can support multiple network
applications using port numbers.
 Transport Layer protocols (TCP and UDP) are responsible for
supporting multiple network applications at the same instance
and these applications can send and receive network data
simultaneously.
How TCP can support multiple network
applications using port numbers.
 The data from different applications operating on a network
device are multiplexed at the sending device using port
numbers and demultiplexed at the receiving device, again
using port numbers.
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 Multiplexing: Gathering data from multiple application
process, enveloping data with header ( later used for
demultiplexing)

 Demultiplexing: Delivering received segments to correct

application layer processes.
Ooops Your Turn!
 Give at least one protocol that works on application layer
and explain how this protocol works, how this protocol
communicate with transport layer .
 What are those protocol works on transport layer.
Internet Layer
 The Internet layer accepts data from the Transport layer
and passes the data to the Network Interface layer.

 The Internet layer is in charge of adding a header to the

data packet received from Transport layer , it will add the
source IP address and target IP address.
Internet Protocol
 TCP/IP networks each computer is identified with
unique virtual address called IP address.

 IP packets contain addresses that identify the sending

computer and receiving computer. Routers use this
information to guide each packet across communication
networks and connect the sending and receiving
computers.
Internet Protocol
 Ip is responsible for sending the packets to the correct
destination

 IP protocol gets the data packets from Transport Layer

(from TCP protocol if you are transmitting real data like e-
mails or files) and divide them into datagrams.
Internet Layer
Network Interface Layer
 This layer is defined by what type of physical network
your computer is connected to.
 This layer deals with binary digits (0s and 1s) being
transmitted across the network medium.
Ethernet Architecture
Ethernet Architecture
 Logic Link Control layer (LLC) provides a way for the
upper layers with any type of MAC layer .
 Media Access Control (MAC) is in charge of assembling
the frame that will be sent over the network. This layer is
in charge of adding the source MAC address and the
target MAC address.
 Physical layer is in charge of converting the frame
generated by the MAC layer into electricity (if a cabled
network is being used) or into electromagnetic waves ( if
a wireless network is being used).
Frame on the Network Interface Layer