PLANNARY DISCUSSION

FARMASI C
 SCANARIO III
 Fuad is a pharmacy student in the 3rd semester of UIN
alaudddin who programmed Molecular Biology courses.
Wednesday will study material related to metabolism in the
body of an organism that involves a large number of chemical
reactions. Fuad looked for literature related to metabolism,
including the division of metabolism, biochemical processes in
the body of an organism (photosynthesis reaction, respiration
reaction, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle). Biochemical processes
in cells involve energy, enzymes and hormones. From some of
the literature that Ros has concluded, the smooth functioning
and normal health depend on metabolic processes in the body.
If the metabolic process is disrupted, it can cause diseases such
as DM, gout, cholesterol, HmcCoA lipids.
Clarifying Terms or Concepts
 Hormones: are organic compounds produced by endocrine glands
(appendicitis). Hormones function to regulate growth,
reproduction, behavior, balance and metabolism. Hormones enter
the bloodstream to target organs (Faisal, 2001. Hormone
Biochemistry. Tadulako University)
 Cholesterol: Cholesterol is one of the fats or lipid compounds that
is believed to be a trigger for CHD from the start and many studies
have proven this. Based on the 2002 WHO report, there were 4.4
million deaths due to hypercholesterolemia. High cholesterol levels
in the body due to consuming foods that can increase cholesterol
levels will cause constriction and heating of the arteries or also
called atherosclerosis (journal.fkm.unand.RWahjoeni, YM Mewo,
ME Paruntu - eBiomedik, 2016).
Clarifying Terms or Concepts
 Respiration: A biological process, in which oxygen is absorbed to be used in
the combustion process (oxidative) which produces energy followed by
expenditure of residual combustion in the form of carbon dioxide gas and
water. (Octavianti, 2010).
 Photosynthetic: is a biochemical process for producing used energy
(nutrition), where carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) under the
influence of light are converted into organic compounds that contain carbon
and are rich in energy. Photosynthesis is one way of carbon assimilation
because in photosynthesis free carbon is bound from CO2 (fixed) to sugar
as an energy storage molecule (Pertamawati, 2010. Photosynthetic
Influence on Plants).
 Molecular Biology: The study of cells, both their understanding and the
organelles within a cell, and their function to the level of their molecular
constituents (Nugroho, LH. And Sumardi, I, 2004, Basic Biology, Self-
Reliance. Jakarta)
Clarifying Terms or Concepts
 Glycolysis: Glycolysis is to convert glucose into the final product in the
form of pyruvate. In the process of glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule that
has 6 carbon atoms in the chain will split into a final product in the form
of 2 molecules of pyruvate (pyruvate) which has 3 carbom atoms. This
process goes through several reaction stages accompanied by the
formation of several intermediate compounds such as glucose 6-
phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. In addition to producing the final
product in the form of pyruvate molecules, this glycolysis process will
also produce ATP molecules and NADH molecules (1 NADH3 ATP). The
ATP molecule that is formed will then be extracted by the body's cells as
a basic component of energy sources. Through this glycolysis process 4
ATP molecules & 2 NADH molecules (6 ATP) will be produced and at
the beginning of the process the process will consume 2 ATP molecules
so that a total of 8 ATP molecules will be formed (Irawan, 2007).
Clarifying Terms or Concepts
 Metabolism: Metabolism is chemical reactions that occur in cells. This chemical
reaction will change one substance into another substance. Metabolism consists
of two processes, namely anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the processes
of preparing chemical energy through the synthesis of organic compounds.
While catabolism is the process of breaking down and releasing energy from
organic compounds through the process of respiration. All of these reactions are
catalyzed by enzymes, both by simple and complex reactions. Or in another
sense, anabolism is the formation of complex molecules into simple molecules,
examples of respiration (Renobayan, 2011).
 Enzymes: Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze chemical reactions, where
almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules that start
the reaction are called products. The way enzymes work in catalyzing chemical
reactions of other substances does not change or damage this reaction. In
metabolism, an enzyme biocatalyst is needed (Susantiningsih, 2013).
Clarifying Terms or Concepts
 Diabetes Mellitus: is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia and
metabolic disorders of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins associated
with absolute or relative deficiency of work and or insulin secretion.
Symptoms complained of in patients with diabetes mellitus are
polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss body, tingling
(Buraerah, Hakim. Analysis of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus in the Tanrutedong Health Center, SidenregRappan,
National Scientific Journal; 2010 [cited 2010 feb 17]).
 Krebs Cycle: The Krebs cycle is also called aam citrate, a series of
chemical reactions in cells in the mitochondria that occur
sequentially and repeatedly. This cycle is the final stage of the
process of glucose energy metabolism. (Nataliaadebora, October
22, 2011. Diponegoro University).
Clarifying Terms or Concepts

 Biochemistry: comes from two words, namely bio (meaning

life) and chemistry. Biochemistry can be interpreted as a
science that discusses the basic chemistry of life. Biochemistry
can also be interpreted as a science that discusses the
chemicals that make up the body of living things, as well as
chemical reactions and processes, which take place in the body
of living things. Chemical reactions and processes that take
place in the body of living things or in cells, we call
metabolism. With this definition it can be understood that
biochemistry encompasses or intersects with some topics in
cell biology and molecular biology. (Ernawati 2012).
  
Setting the Problem

1. Explain the metabolic processes in the body!

2. What are the biochemical processes in the body of
microorganisms?
3. Explain the division of metabolism!
4. What factors affect the disruption of metabolic processes in the
body?
5. Mention One of the biochemical processes in the body of an
organism!
6. Why if the metabolic process is disrupted, will cause disease?
7. Mention what reactions occur in the metabolic process!
8. What are the symptoms of DM, gout, and cholesterol.
  
Brainstorming

Explain the metabolic processes in the body!

= Metabolism consists of two processes, namely anabolism

and catabolism. Anabolism is the processes of preparing
chemical energy through the synthesis of organic
compounds. While catabolism is the process of breaking
down and releasing energy from organic compounds
through the process of respiration. All of these reactions are
catalyzed by enzymes, both by simple and complex
reactions. Or in another sense, anabolism is the formation of
complex molecules into simple molecules, examples of
respiration (Renobayan, 2011).
Brainstorming
What are the biochemical processes in the body of microorganisms?
=Metabolism is the entire event of chemical reactions that take place in the cells
of living things. Metabolism consists of two processes, namely anabolism and
catabolism. Anabolism is the preparation of simple chemical compounds into
chemical compounds or complex molecules (Prawirohartono and
Hadisumarto, 1997). In this event, external energy is needed. The energy used
in this reaction can be either light energy or chemical energy. The energy,
then used to bind these simple compounds into more complex compounds.
So, in this process the required energy is not lost, but stored in the form of
chemical bonds in the complex compounds formed. The energy used in
anabolism can be light energy or chemical energy. Anabolism that uses light
energy is known as photosynthesis, while anabolism that uses chemical
energy is known as chemosynthesis. Catabolism is the reaction of breaking
down / dismantling complex compounds into simpler compounds by
producing energy that organisms can use to carry out their activities. The
function of the catabolism reaction is to provide the energy and components
needed by the anabolism reaction. (Tengku. 2012. Anabolism and
Catabolism.)
Brainstorming

 Explain the division of metabolism!

= Metabolism is divided into two parts, namely: Primary

Metabolism: involves hundreds of enzymes, but if examined
further, actually has a certain trajectory is generally the same as
in all living things. Example: the glycolysis pathway that breaks
down glucose molecules into acetyl coenzymes A. Secondary
metabolism: trajectories / pathways that occur not in certain life
eg microbes and plants. Example: the formation of alkaloids in
plants and the formation of special carbohydrate molecules in
Inulin (linear fructose polymers), with the semiia of living things
(Murray. K. 2002. Harper Biochemestry, twenty fth edition.
McGraw Hill Companie; New York.)
Brainstorming

What factors affect the disruption of metabolic processes in the body?

= The body's metabolism is a condition when the metabolic process

does not occur as it should. The body instead produces excessive
nutrition or which is deficient for the body. Disorders of the body's
metabolism can occur in various forms, such as:
 Lack of enzymes or vitamins whose presence is needed for chemical
reactions in the body
 The existence of chemical reactions that actually inhibit the metabolic
process (abnormal)
 -Anormalities in organs that are important in the metabolic process.
(OctaviantiParamita, 2010)
Brainstorming

Mention One of the biochemical processes in the body of

an organism!
= Photosynthetic: is a biochemical process for
producing used energy (nutrition), where carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) under the influence of
light are converted into organic compounds containing
carbon and rich in energy. Photosynthesis is one way
of carbon assimilation because in photosynthesis free
carbon is bound from CO2 (fixed) to sugar as an
energy storage molecule (Pertamawati, 2010.
Photosynthetic Influence on Plants).
Brainstorming

Why if the metabolic process is disrupted, will cause disease?

= Primary and secondary metabolism of each type has their

respective roles on plants so that plants can carry out their lives.
Respiration in plants takes place day and night because light is not
a requirement. So the process of respiration always takes place all
the time during the plant life. This is reinforced by
OctaviantiParamita (2010), which states the primary metabolism
in plants such as respiration and photosynthesis which are
essential processes for plant life. Without a primary metabolism,
an organism will be disrupted growth, development, and
reproduction, and eventually die. Examples of primary
metabolism are protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.
Brainstorming
Mention what reactions occur in the metabolic process!

= The first step in the cellular respiration reaction is called glycosis, and it coincides with
the absence of oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells in cytosolic fluid,
which is a gel material found in individual cells of plants. The glycolysis that occurs in the
cytosol begins the overhaul by breaking up glucose into two molecular compounds called
pyruvates. The Krebs cycle, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, completes this work
by breaking down pyruvate derivatives into carbon dioxide. Thus, the carbon dioxide
produced by respiration is a fragment of oxidized organic molecules. Some of the stages of
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are redox reactions in which the enzyme dehydrogenase
transfers electrons from the substrate to NAD + and forms NADH. In the third step of
respiration, the electron transport chain receives electrons from the product of the first two
changes (usually via NADH) and passes these electrons from one molecule to another. At
the end of this chain, electrons are combined with hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen to
form water. The energy released at each step of the chain is stored in a form used by the
mitochondria to make ATP. This mode of ATP synthesis is called oxidative phosphorylation
because this synthesis is driven by a redox reaction that transfers electrons from food to
oxygen (Campbell, 2012).
Brainstorming

What are the symptoms of DM, gout, and cholesterol.

 
= Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high or above
normal glucose or blood sugar levels. Hypercholesterolemia is a
condition where blood cholesterol levels are above the normal
or high limit. Symptoms that can be found in diabetics are:
 Always feel thirsty
 Always feeling hungry
 Increased urination frequency
 Weight increases or decreases dramatically without cause
 Easily tired, weak
Brainstorming

 Wounds that are slow to heal

 Vision becomes blurred
 Easily exposed to skin infections
 Whereas in patients with high cholesterol levels rarely show
specific symptoms, but symptoms that may appear are:
 Often tingling
 Discomfort or stiff neck
 There are lumps containing cholesterol deposits under the
eyelids
 Joint pain
Brainstorming
 Metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and obesity are often associated with elevated
levels of uric acid, which can be used as a marker of inflammation or also to predict metabolic
and cardiovascular complications in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus. This study
aims to determine the relationship between uric acid levels with fasting blood sugar levels of
people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are obese. This type of research is analytic cross-
sectional design, conducted at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic and Clinical Pathology
Laboratory of the Hospital. Dr. M. Djamil Padang in May - September 2013. Samples were
type 2 DM sufferers who were obese, fulfilled the criteria, came for outpatient treatment,
were taken by random sampling, as many as 30 people, were venous blood from fasting
patients for 10-12 hours and avoided foods containing purines. Gout examination with
enzymatic colorimetric method, wavelength 552 nm. Data are correlated and significant if p
<0.05. The results showed the mean age was 57.22 ± 6.27 years, most were female and the
mean body mass index was 28.86 ± 2.92. Visible uric acid levels 6.36 ± 1.32 mg / dL and
fasting blood sugar 153.69 ± 47.04 mg /
 dL. It can be concluded that there is a very weak and statistically unrelated correlation
between uric acid levels with fasting blood sugar of people with type 2 diabetes with obesity.
(Dian Pertiwi, AlmurdiAlmurdi, ElmatrisSy, 2014. RELATIONSHIP OF URIC ACID WITH
BLOOD SUGAR IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 WHO HAVE OBESITY).
Analyzing Problems

1. Explain the metabolic functions in the body!

2. What is metabolism and how does it relate to
enzymes?
3. What chemical reactions occur in the body!
  
Setting Learning Objectives

CPMK.7. Students are able to explain the

kinetics of enzymes
CPMK.8. Students are able to explain the
regulation of metabolism
CPMK.9. Students are able to explain
metabolism
Self Study

Metabolism has four specific functions, namely:

1. To obtain chemical energy from the degradation of
nutrients that are rich in energy from the environment or from
solar energy.
2. To convert nutrient molecules into precursor building
units for macro nutrient molecules into precursors for building
macro molecules of cells.
3. To combine these building units into proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids, polysaccharides, and other cell components.
4. To form and degrade biomolecules needed in the cell's
special function (Albert, L. Lehninger, 2000. Bioihemistry
Fundament, Carbohydrate)
Self Study
Enzymes are very important in life, because all metabolic reactions are
catalyzed by enzymes. If there is no enzyme or enzyme activity is disrupted,
cell metabolic reactions will be inhibited so that cell growth is also
disrupted. Enzymes regulate the speed and specificity of thousands of
chemical reactions that take place in cells. Although enzymes are made in
cells, they do not have to be in the cell to act as a catalyst. Reactions
controlled by enzymes include respiration, growth and development,
muscle contraction, photosynthesis, fixation, nitrogen, and digestion.
Broadly speaking, the source of enzymes can be classified into three,
namely animals, plants and microbes. In general, enzymes have a function
as a biocatalyst, which is to influence and accelerate the occurrence of a
chemical reaction in the body of an organism (living cells) both in the
reactions of decomposing complex molecules into simple molecules and the
preparation of complex compounds from simple molecules (Rahmana,
2016. THE ROLE OF THE ENZYM IN THE METABOLISM PROCESS).
Self Study

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze chemical reactions, where

almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the
molecules that start the reaction are called products. The way
enzymes work in catalyzing chemical reactions of other substances
does not change or damage this reaction. In metabolism, an
enzyme biocatalyst is needed (Susantiningsih, 2013).
Biosynthesis is the process of forming a metabolite (metabolic
product) from a simple molecule to become a more complex
molecule that occurs in living organisms. Metabolism in living
things can be divided into primary and secondary metabolism.
Primary metabolism produces primary metabolites while
secondary metabolism produces secondary metabolites (Sari,
2012).
Self Study
According to Winarno and Kartakusuma (1981), respiration is a
processmetabolism by using oxygen in the combustion of more complex
compounds such as starch, sugar, protein, fat, and organic acids, so as to
produce simple molecules such as CO2, water and energy and other
molecules that can be used by cells for synthesis reactions.
Respiration is a biological process, in which oxygen is absorbed to be used in the
combustion process (oxidative) which produces energy followed by
expenditure of residual combustion in the form of carbon dioxide gas and
water. Substrates that are most needed by plants for the process of respiration
in plant tissue are carbohydrates and organic acids when compared to fats and
proteins. respiration can be divided into three levels: (a) the breakdown of
polysaccharides into simple sugars, (b) the oxidation of sugars to pyruvic acid
and (c) the transformation of pyruvates and organic acids aerobically into
carbon dioxide, water and energy. Protein and fat can also play a role as a
substrate in the process of this breakdown (Paramita, 2010).
Thank you :)