Unit 2: Reading Comprehension

UNIT 2
Reading Comprehension
“A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still

images on a strip of plastic which, when run through a
projector and shown on a screen, creates the illusion of
moving images. A film is created by photographing actual
scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing
drawings or miniature models using traditional animation
techniques; by means of CGI (Computer-generated imagery)
and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all
of these techniques and other visual effects. The process of
filmmaking is both an art and an industry.’’
Nowadays, movies could be considered an industry or a

business more than an art. What do you think about this?
UNIT 2
Hearing Comprehension
“Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect

those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be
an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a
powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The
visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication.
Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using
dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of
the viewer.”
What movie of your country reflects better your culture?

Why?
Tell me a movie that could be considered a powerful medium

for educating citizens ? Why?
UNIT 2
THE INTERVIEW
• Can you talk to me a little bit about your favorite actor/actress and his/her movies?
• Can you talk to me about your favorite movie?
• Can you talk to me about your favorite movie genre?
• Do you watch movies on Netflix?
• What is your favorite streaming site?
• How often do you watch movies?
• What do you prefer, going to the theaters or streaming a movie at home?
• When was the last time you went to the movie theaters? What movie did you watch?
• What do you think about streaming sites?
• Do you usually watch movie in illegal sites?
• Do you think a streaming app subscription is better than a cable subscription?
• What do you think about superhero movies?
• Do you prefer to watch movies alone or with friends and family? Why?
• In your opinion, what’s the scariest film ever?
• What movie star would you like to meet?
• Do you enjoy watching a movie more than three times? What movie?
UNIT 3
The Job Interview
Interviewer: What experience do you have in this area?
Andy: I’ve worked for three years in my last job.
Interviewer: Can you talk to me about your last job?
Andy: It was a great experience, I learned a lot.
Interviewer: Can you talk to me about your expectations here?
Andy: I expect to have a manegement position, a fair wage and opportunities to grown at the company.
Interviewer: What is your most positive attribute?
Andy: I’m a detail-oriented and hardworking worker.
Interviewer: How much do you want to earn?
Andy: I think that two thousand dollars is a fair wage.

UNIT 3
New verbs and expressions
Verbs
To reply - replied
I don't know how to reply to that question.
To postpone - postponed
I postponed my date because I had to work late
To criticize - criticized
Tom doesn't like it when Mary criticizes him in public.
To schedule - scheduled
I have another meeting scheduled.
To hire - hired
She hired him as a programmer.
To fire - fired
I didn't get fired this week. Let’s try next!

Expressions

By the way, how is John?
Are any of the paintings for sale?
I got this hat on sale; it was very cheap.
I'm not hungry anymore.

UNIT 3
The Superlative – Long Adjectives
When someone or something has more of a quality than all the others in the group that it is being
compared to, we use ‘the most’.

What is the most difficult subject to study?
Math is the most difficult subject to study

Who is the most talented actor of our time?
Leonardo DiCaprio is the most talented actor of our time
We can also say that something or someone has less of a quality than the rest. In these cases we use
‘the least’.

Spanish is the least interesting subject to study.
She is the least beautiful Hollywood actress.

UNIT 3
The Superlative – Short Adjectives
Instead of using ‘the most’ we are going to add ‘est’ in the end of the short adjectives.
My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

This is the smallest box in the store!
Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
The spelling rules:
Short adjective ending in ‘e’ – we add ‘st’.

Ex: nice – the nicest
Short adjective ending in consonant + ‘y’ – we remove the ‘y’ and add ‘iest’.
Ex: easy – the easiest
Short adjective ending in consonant + vowel + consonant – double the last letter and add ‘est’.
Ex: hot – the hottest
Exceptions
Good - Best/Bad – Worst/Far - Furthest

UNIT 3
Listening
He was the smartest man ever.
The shoe is the cheapest of the store.
This song is the coolest.
Next month will be the coldest of the year.
Could you give me the most expensive, please?
Jerry is the least boring of them.
That sofa is the most comfortable of the room
Is this rope the strongest that you have?
She isn’t the prettiest nor the ugliest of her group of friends!
UNIT 4
You've done your research, you brought copies of your resume, and
you've prepared responses for questions that might arise based on
your resume. Now the time for the interview has come, and with that
comes the oft-dreaded part of interviewing: the questions.
"Candidates get nervous about job interviews because there's the
potential they'll be asked an open-ended question that will give the
interviewer a secret view into who the candidate really is," said Rich
Milgram, founder and CEO of career network Nexxt. "But the real
secret is that a lot of the time the interviewer doesn't know what the
right answer is either, or they'll admit that there is no right answer,
so just relax."
Why does candidates get so nervous in job interviews?
What would you do to stay calm in that situation?

UNIT 4
“Realistically, unstructured interviews aren’t going away

anytime soon. Until then, we should be humble about the
likelihood that our impressions will provide a reliable guide
to a candidate’s future performance..”
What do you think is the biggest problem with usual job

interviews?
What impression would you like to provide in a job interview?
What would you change in the way that job interviews are
done?
UNIT 4
THE JOB INTERVIEW
 What are your strengths?
 What are your weaknesses?
 Why are you interested in working for Google?
 Where do you see yourself in five years? Ten years?
 Are you willing to relocate?
 Are you willing to travel?
 Tell me about an accomplishment you are most proud of.
 Tell me about a time you made a mistake.
 What is your dream job?
 How did you hear about this position?
 Discuss your resume.
 Discuss your educational background.
 Describe yourself.
 Tell me how you handled a difficult situation.
 Why should we hire you?
UNIT 5
The First day in the job
Boss: Welcome my dear, are you animated with your first day?
Andy:Yes, this is a great opportunity, thank you again.
Boss: May you sit at your desk? I think everybody wants to know you.
Andy: Hi guys, I’m Andy, nice to meet you!
Boss: Can you check my schedule please? Do I have something scheduled?
Andy: Yes, sir. You have appointments at 2 and 3 pm.
Boss: Okay, if you have any doubt, you can talk with Joseph.
Andy: Alright. Joseph, what can I do now?
Joseph: Please Andy, may you help me with this papers, I need to scan all them.
Andy: Okay, let’s get started!

UNIT 5
New verbs and expressions
Verbs
To excel at – exceled at
Didn’t you excel at painting? Why don’t you go back to that?
To be good at – was good at

I was good at mountain climbing. Now I’m old.
To attempt - attempted
She attempted to cook but she was not good at it.

Modal verbs – Can
Can é usado para expressar habilidade, possibilidade, permissão informal e pedido informal:
You can park here. - Permissão
It can happen to anyone. - Possibilidade
She can’t speak French very well. - Capacidade
Can you help me? - Pedido

UNIT 5
Modal Verbs – Would
O modal WOULD é geralmente utilizado na formação de frases interrogativas e também para formar o

futuro do pretérito.
Pode ser utilizado nos seguintes casos:
Quando se quer oferecer algo a alguém
Would you like a cup of coffee?
Para exprimir certa preferência por algo
I would love to go with you - Eu amaria ir com você

I would like sandwich, please - Eu queria um sandwich, por favor
Quando se quer fazer uma recusa
I told him not to go, but he wouldn't listen - Eu disse-lhe para não ir, mas ele não quis me ouvir
Para descrever hábitos passados
When I was a kid, I would always play football with my friends - Quando eu era um garoto, eu sempre
jogava futebol com meus amigos
UNIT 5
Modal verbs – Could
Could é usado para expressar capacidade, habilidade, possibilidade, permissão
formal e pedido formal; geralmente é usado em perguntas dando-lhes um tom
mais educado, formal. Pode expressar também capacidade ou habilidade no
passado, sendo, neste caso, o passado de can:
You couldn't smoke in the presence of your parents at that time.
He could swim when he was eight years old.
 You could have called me.
 Could you pass me the bread?
 It could be better.
 The milk was so hot that I couldn't drink it.
 You could invite Roberta for your birthday's party.

UNIT 5
Listening
Would you like to take a coffee?
Could you go to the store?
I can hear the song.
I would always swim in the summer.
Could you give me the most expensive, please?
Jerry could be the coolest guy on earth.
She couldn’t believe, it was a miracle!
Could he play guitar?
Life always can get better, you just need to try!

UNIT 6
The color is an influential parameter for deciding the quality of a product but
it gets severely affected by heat treatment. While dehydration, the product
is exposed to heat resulting in discoloration of the product. Drying of the
liquids and purees can be done using a different kind of equipment viz.
convective tray dryer, drum dryer, freeze dryer, and spray dryer. Due to
different limitations in these drying methods, researchers have been
continuously working to explore new innovative methods of drying that
may help in reducing product quality losses due to direct heat application.
Refractive window drying is one such technique that gained a lot of
attention in recent years, owing to the numerous benefits it claims. The
basic aim of this study was to explore the benefits of using refractive
window drying for maintaining the color of the dried product.
 Why is so important to maintain the original color of a product?
 What kind of equipments are used nowadays, for that goal?

UNIT 6
“The refractive window (RW) drying method is one such drying method in
which the food product temperature is generally below 70-C. The refractive
window dryer uses water as the heating medium and all modes of heat i.e.
conduction, convection, and radiation remain active in this method.
Generally, heat transfer occurs due to conduction, and the other two modes
of heat transfer depend on the resistance of water each mode offers. The loss
of heat from the water to surrounding occurs either by conduction or
evaporation, although radiation is an internal process”
What is the main goal for researchers?
How does the loss of heat occurs?
What does the refractive window dryer use as a heating

medium?
UNIT 6
Let’s talk about the article
Color is the foremost parameter determining the quality of the product.
Degradation in color indicates the decomposition of bioactive compounds
in the product. Heat treatment causes degradation of color and drying is
one such unit operation in which product is directly in contact with heat
treatment. Hence, refraction window drying is such a process in which
the product is not in direct contact with the heating medium. The visual
quality of the dried product is retained when dried in a refractive window
dryer than that of a drum dryer, spray dryer, convective dryer. The
freeze-dried product has an almost similar color attribute to that of
refractive window dried product but freeze-drying is highly expensive and
requires experienced labor, as well as the product formed, is highly
porous. These limitations can be overawed using a refraction window
dryer. The effectiveness of a refractive window dryer is because of rapid
heat transfer. Thus, refractive window drying is a better drying method
to retain the quality of the product than other prevailing methods for
drying of purees and slurries.
UNIT 7
This is my favorite song!
Michael: Hi Susan, are you a pop’s fan?
Susan: Yes, I like the melodies and lyrics behind pop music.
Michael: What is your favorite song? I think everybody has one.
Susan: I just love anything from Lady Gaga. Every Gaga’s song makes me dance. She’s dope.
Michael: Have you ever been on a show? Where it was, and when?
Susan: I went to a show at Denver, Colorado. It was last year, I was with my squad.
Michael: Wow, you really love her. I’m not a huge fan of this kind of swag music, I prefer another
genre.
Susan: That’s weird! What kind of songs do you prefer?
Michael: I think I appreciate Classic Music. Beethoven and Vivaldi are my favorites to relax.
Susan: I never heard their songs, I think I’m going to give a try someday.
UNIT 7
To be going to
Na Língua Inglesa, assim como no Português, pouco usamos o futuro do presente[WILL]
(consertará, levará, irá, trará , etc), que corresponde ao Simple Future. Na maioria das vezes
damos preferência à construção vou consertar, vou levar, etc. Essa construção se faz com
o Going to em Inglês. Observe suas formas e usos:
Forma afirmativa
My mother is going to take me to school today.
I'm going to call you tonight.
I'm going to have a shower before having dinner.
Forma negativa
I'm not going to talk to you until you apologize for what you’ve done.
They are not going to come.
I'm not going to have any difficulty to do that.
Forma interrogativa
Are they going to help us?
What are you going to do next weekend?
Is she going to have a baby?
UNIT 7
Slangs
Slangs são as famosas gírias do nosso vocabulário. Assim como no português, elas são
usadas para abreviar palavras ou dar outro significado a outras palavras conhecidas:
UNIT 7
What is a slang?
“Slangs occurs chiefly in a casual and playful speech, made up typically of figures of
speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor,
irreverence, or other effect. I define slang as a living language that evolves with time.”
Although it can be very useful among peers and those from the same culture, in more
formal settings it can cause confusion during communication and create problems.
Among peers, they tend to speak slang more often then others. Its understood primarily
within that group. For the most part, they grew up in the similar neighborhoods, around
the similar people, dealing with similar issues. They also share a commonality within taste
of music, fashion, and other forms of entertainment. Many of celebrities don't make it easy
for the youth to stop the usage of slang, mainly because they use it in their lyrics in which
the youth emulate. In this way, slang has enabled them to communicate throughly with one
another. Culture plays a role in the confusion of slang. Words have contrasting
interpretations depending on the cultural background. Such as, in America, the word yo is
used as a greeting. If said in a Spanish-speaking country it would take on the meaning of I.
Two decades ago, the word chips referred to money in American slang. In England
however, chips refers to what we call "French fries". In this way slang can be very confusing
because the proper meaning may not be conveyed. Also, it makes it more difficult for other
cultures to mix with American culture, and vice versa.
UNIT 7
Let’s talk a little
Who is your favorite singer? Could you talk to me a little bit about his/her songs?
What’s your favorite music? What’s your favorite music genre?
How often do you hear songs? Where do you usually listen music?
What do you prefer? Going to a show or listen to music at home?
When was the last time you went to a concert? Who was playing?
What was your favorite song when you were a child?.
What do you think about classic music? What kind of music do you hear to relax?
What singer would you like to meet?
Did you hear a song a lot of times, before get pall?

UNIT 8
We can all think of at least one song that, when we hear it,
triggers an emotional response. It might be a song that
accompanied the first dance at your wedding, for example,
or a song that reminds you of a difficult break-up or the
loss of a loved one. “We have such a deep connection to
music because it is ‘hardwired’ in our brains and bodies,”
Barbara Else, senior advisor of policy and research at
the American Music Therapy Association told Medical News
Today. “The elements of music – rhythm, melody, etc. –
are echoed in our physiology, functioning and being.
 What songs can cause this effects on you? What situation did
cause this connection with that song?
UNIT 8
“I think music in itself is healing,” American musician Billy

Joel once said. “It’s an explosive expression of humanity.
It’s something we are all touched by. No matter what
culture we’re from, everyone loves music.” Most of us
would wholeheartedly agree with this statement, and it is
this universal bond with music that has led researchers
across the globe to investigate its therapeutic potential.
Do you agree that music can be therapeutical? Why?
 What kind of situation can lead to a healing potential song?

UNIT 8
Given the deep connection we have with music, it is perhaps unsurprising that
numerous studies have shown it can benefit our mental health. A 2011 study by
researchers from McGill University in Canada found that listening to music
increases the amount of dopamine produced in the brain – a mood-enhancing chemical,
making it a feasible treatment for depression. And earlier this year, MNT reported on a
study published in The Lancet Psychiatry that suggested listening to hip-hop music –
particularly that from Kendrick Lamar –
may help individuals to understand mental health disorders.
Altrought increasingly, researchers are finding that the health benefits of music may go
beyond mental health, and as a result, some health experts are calling for music
therapy to be more widely incorporated into health care settings. In this Spotlight, we
take a closer look at some of the potential health benefits of music and look at whether,
for some conditions, music could be used to improve – or even replace – current
treatment strategies.
 Reducing pain and anxiety
 An effective stress reliever
 Music can help memory
 Helping recover brain injury, treat seizures
UNIT 9
Congrats on your new job!
Mark: Congrats John with your new job.
John: Thanks Mark. I'm truly excited and happy about it. But I almost didn't get it.
Mark: Why, what was the problem?
John: I got really nervous on the day of the interview. The woman that interviewed me was tall and
very good looking with an aggressive tone of voice. She made some questions and I totally forgot
what to say. But as the conversation went along, I thought it was all okay.
Mark: That is why you got the job, right? You told her that she was beautiful.
John: Forget it, don't even start!!!! I got the job because I studied mathematics for years and I'm good
at it.
Mark: Relax John I knew that, I was just joking. You're very ambitious, I know you are going to
master the subject.
John: I'm thankful for the kind words. I'm fascinated with numbers. I can't wait to put the company in
order.
Mark: When do you start?
John: I began three days ago, last Monday.
Mark: Really? Why didn't you tell me?
John: I only said to my wife. I just got so busy that I forgot to mention it.
Mark: What does a person need to be a good professional in your area?
John: You need to have a good eye for business, be focused and independent. How's your job?
Mark: I have been working there for six months now. I wrote a lot there. The only thing I don't like
about it is that sometimes I need to work overtime.
UNIT 9
Irregular verbs
UNIT 9
How to Trace Your Family Tree Online
A family tree or genealogical tree is a diagram that shows the relationships between members of a family
in several generations. Creating a family tree is a great way for children to broaden their knowledge about
great grandparents and other family members who have passed away or who they have never had the
chance to meet. For adults, it can be a way to learn about family history and how it has affected their
present and future lives.
Tracing and creating a family tree can be difficult and complicated to do, especially if you do not have
sufficient knowledge about your family history and only have a few old photos and documents. However,
digital technology has made it easier for you because now you can access online databases and search
engines and obtain the information you need within minutes. The key information that you need includes
names (common or family names), dates of significant events (birth, marriage, death, emigration) and
places to locate records such as church registers.
You can start your genealogy research by building a skeleton family tree. For this purpose, you can go to
various sites on the Internet. Of course, not all information is available online and you should not expect to
find your entire family tree in one place. You may still need to visit your local family history center and look
at cemeteries, courthouses and churches for more information. You can also make contact with genealogy
communities through their websites and ask for a piece of advice. You can use sites like Genuki and Cyndis
List to consult on genealogy research and find valuable information, genealogical material and links to
hundreds of other genealogy websites.
UNIT 9
 Are friends more important than family? What do you think?
 Are you pressured by your family to act in a certain way?
 Are your parents strict?
 Did you ever meet any of your great grandparents?
 Do you get along well with your brothers and sisters?
 Do you have any brothers or sisters? If so, how old are they?
 Do you have to clean your own room?
 Do you live with any of your grandparents?
 Do you live with your parents?
 Do you look more like your mother or your father?
 Do you often argue with your mother or father? What about?
 Do you often visit your grandparents?
 Do you think people should adopt children from other countries?
 Do you usually have any influence on family matters?
 Do your parents let you stay out late?
 What time do you have to be home?
 How did you get your name?
 For whom are you named?
 How big is your family?
 How many people are in your (immediate) family?

UNIT 10
The history of liberal democracy has witnessed student protesters occupying

the offices of local draft boards in protest of the Vietnam war and civil rights
protestors engaged in illegal sit-ins, pray-ins and marches to repeal the Jim
Crow laws that enforced racial segregation and to stop the de facto
disenfranchisement of African-American citizens.
In recent years, we have also witnessed the citizens of Ferguson, Missouri storm
the Saint Louis City Hall to protest racial injustice in the wake of the killing of an
unarmed black 18-year old, Edward Snowden leak classified information from
the NSA to reveal their mass-surveillance and anti-abortion activists vandalize
clinics. Citizens break the law in protest of what they believe is unjust or wrong.
Citizens disobey the rules.
What do you think about protests that break the law?
Do you agree with them?

UNIT 10
Civil disobedience is not only conceptually interesting but engaging in civil disobedience in a
liberal democracy also raises a moral problem. On the one hand, civil disobedience can help
relieve great injustice and inhibit moral wrongs. On the other hand, it is part of the democratic
ideal that we ought to respect the outcome of democratic decision-making procedures as
legally binding, even when we disagree with that outcome and think it is unjust.

With civil disobedience, an interesting philosophical question arises: how are we to reconcile the
idea that civil disobedience is sometimes morally justified with the idea that citizens of liberal
democracies ought to respect the opinion of their fellow citizens and follow democratically
enacted laws, even when these laws are unjust or wrong?
What is the moral problem with civil desobedience in a democracy?
 Do you think that desobey in a protest is morally right? Even in a

democracy?
UNIT 10
The liberal school of civil disobedience
To liberal theorists, there are limits to democratic authority: there are fundamental
rights that a democratic majority cannot legitimately violate. Civil disobedience is
justified when it is used to protest democratic majorities overstepping their authority
by violating fundamental rights.
Rawls, for example, argues that civil disobedience is only justified when used to fight
clear violations of liberty rights, further provided that dissenters have already tried
the legal channels of political participation that are available in a liberal democracy to
no avail and that they accept their punishment for breaking the law. This way, citizens
engaging in civil disobedience can show their fidelity to the democratic constitution,
even though they break the law to promote justice. Rawls thus limits justified civil
disobedience to cases where a democratic majority has implemented a law that violates
a basic liberty right and thus oversteps its authority. In those situations, it is less
problematic when dissenters flout democratic processes to redress such rights
violations.
UNIT 10
The democratic school of civil disobedience
A democratic school of civil disobedience has recently emerged as a response to the liberal
theories. Exponents of the democratic approach criticize liberal theories for excluding
disobedience addressing democratic deficits and thus for failing to account for many of
today’s global protests against global governance institutions such as the IMF
(International Monetary Fund), the WTO (World Trade Organization) or the EU (European
Union)
In contrast with liberal theories, democratic theories conceive civil disobedience as a

democratic practice and an integral part of the democratic process itself. They argue that
civil disobedience is justified when it is used to remedy failures in democratic processes.
According to this democratic theory, civil disobedience is also justified in fighting another
type of deliberative inertia: when a political view that enjoys wide public support is not
being considered by policy-makers and legislators. For example, civil disobedience is
justified when used to call on governments to act on the urgent environmental issues the
globe is facing.
UNIT 11
Some/Any/No
Some
Some and its compounds [somebody, someone, something, somewhere etc.] are
normally used in affirmative sentences: There is some wine in the cellar.
Some and its compounds are also used in interrogatives (questions) which are used to
make an offer or a request: Would you like some tea?
Any
Any and its compounds [anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere etc.] are used in
interrogative sentences: Do we have anything in the fridge?
Not any is used in negative sentences and any and its compounds: I won’t go
anywhere.
When any and its compounds are used in affirmative sentences there is a different
meaning: We can go anywhere you like. (It doesn’t matter where we go.)
No
No and its compounds [nobody, none, no one, nothing, nowhere] can be used instead
of not any in negative sentences, but we can't use two negative indications in one
sentence: He did nothing. (He didn’t anything)
UNIT 11
Plural
USUALLY TO FORM PLURAL WE ADD 'S' TO THE END OF THE NOUN.
Talk - Talks Walk – Walks Dance – Dances
WITH SOME WORDS WE CHANGE 'F ' TO 'VES‘

Leaf – leaves shelf – shelves wolf – wolves
IN SOME CASES WE ADD 'ES' [O,X, SS, CH, SH]

Dress – Dresses Smash – Smashes
Go - Goes Box – boxes Church – churches
SOME WORDS ENDING IN A 'Y' WE CHANGE TO I AND ADD ‘ES’

Study – Studies City – Cities Lady – ladies
OTHERS ENDING IN A 'Y' WE JUST ADD 'S'

Play – plays Toy – toys Boy – boys
UNIT 11
Why is grammar so important?
Some say grammar doesn’t matter anymore, especially in a society where texting
and using slang terminology is so popular. After all, who has time to worry about
misplaced modifiers with all those emojis to choose from?
However, in the professional world, correct grammar is still a critical skill to

master. On the other hand, basic grammatical errors can demonstrate
unprofessionalism.
Whether you are looking for a new job or marketing a product, service or writing,
the way you speak and write impacts how people perceive you. Having good
grammar helps you come across as more intelligent, educated, and professional.
Poor grammar can put off clients, particularly if you’re a writer. A single mistake
isn’t a big deal, but a litany suggests poor attention to detail.
UNIT 11
What Is The Purpose Of Grammar?
“Grammar refers to the rules and regulations that govern spoken and written
language. Grammar is the code that makes language work. It is through proper
grammar that we are able to communicate in a clear manner that people can
understand. Good grammar is key to effective communication, whereas bad
grammar leads to surprising mistakes. Its purpose is to build a bridge between
what you mean and what the reader or listener’s understand.”
How can a good grammar helps you?
What can you do to improve your grammar?

UNIT 12
Now and then I think of when we were together
Like when you said you felt so happy you could die
Told myself that you were right for me
But felt so lonely in your company
But that was love and it's an ache I still remember
You can get addicted to a certain kind of sadness
Like resignation to the end, always the end
So when we found that we could not make sense
Well, you said that we would still be friends
But I'll admit that I was glad it was over
But you didn't have to cut me off
Make out like it never happened and that we were nothing
And I don't even need your love
But you treat me like a stranger and that feels so rough
No, you didn't have to stoop so low
Have your friends collect your records
And then change your number
I guess that I don't need that though
Now you're just somebody that I used to know
UNIT 12
You and me, we made a vow
For better or for worse
I can't believe you let me down
But the proof is in the way, it hurts
For months on end I've had my doubts
Denying every tear
I wish this would be over now
But I know that I still need you here
You say I'm crazy

'Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
UNIT 12
Why We Love Sad Songs

... and why researchers agree that they can be so good for us.
It’s not surprising that people enjoy upbeat songs like Pharrell Williams’
“Happy,” Meghan Trainor’s “It’s All About That Bass,” or the Beatles’ “Yellow
Submarine.”
What' is surprising is the enduring popularity of sad songs like Sam Smith’
“I’m not the only one,” Akon’ “Lonely,” or Kelly Clarkson’s “Because of You.”
When we are sad, one would think that turning to a happy song could
lighten our mood. And when we are happy, listening to upbeat music should
help us sustain our good mood, celebrate, or share our joy. So why would we
risk losing our good mood, or perseverate a sad one, by listening to sad
music at all?
UNIT 12
Elevating one’s mood takes energy. It is easier to stay in a state of depressed mood,
where we can be still, conserve our energy, feel some self-pity, and perhaps even
engender some sympathy or compassion from those who love us. It’s where we can
wait to lick our wounds, heal, or be rescued before returning to the challenges we
perceive as the recurring battles of living. If our sadness is deep enough, we might not
see any point in shaking off the doldrums and striving for happiness again. We
might even feel guilty about returning to joy when others have suffered, as if our
sadness pays some price imposed by a principled universe. If we have no sense of
purpose or cannot set a goal, we might lack the motivation to seek happiness.
The fact that sad music’s appeal spans historical periods and cultures suggests that
music-evoked sadness serves important functions. Research has suggested that sad
music plays a role in emotional regulation. It evokes pleasant emotions such as bliss
and awe, along with sadness, and is more likely than happy music to arouse the
intensely pleasurable responses referred to as “chills.” Accompanied by the release
of hormones such as oxytocin and prolactin, associated with social bonding and
nurturance, sad music can facilitate recovering positive mood. Reminiscent of
the psychoanalytic construct of catharsis, contemporary notions of venting explain
recovery in terms of satisfying the need to release emotional distress in order to allow
for cognitive distancing, reappraisal, and insight.
UNIT 13
THERE - VERB TO BE
There is/are
Is there a car in the street? Yes, there is a car in the street.
Are there some dogs in the garden? No, there aren't any dogs in the garden.
There was/were
Was there a person waiting for you? No, there wasn't a person waiting for me.
Were there two books in your bag? Yes, there were two books in my bag.
There will be
Will there be a party tomorrow? Yes, there will be a party tomorrow.
Will there be a new mall there? No, there won’t be a mall there.
UNIT 13
Since comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading, the importance of vocabulary development
cannot be overestimated. A robust vocabulary improves all areas of communication — listening,
speaking, reading and writing.
A 2012 study by Meredith Rowe, an Associate Professor of Education in the Graduate School of
Education at Harvard, discusses the ideas of quantity versus quality of speech used with infants and
toddlers. At early ages (between 12 and 24 months), the amount of language used is important.
Parents and other caregivers should speak to the child all the time and provide consistent word
models. Children need to hear words modeled many times before they will begin to use the words, so
the more frequently they are exposed to words, the better the likelihood that they will gain that word
in their vocabulary. Between 24-36 months, it is recommended that caregivers begin to use different
words, with greater variety to expand vocabulary skills.
Reading is another great activity to develop vocabulary. Parents shouldn’t feel like they have to stick
to the words on the page, either. Books with many pictures and few words are great conversation
starters. Caregivers can talk about what they see on the page, point out interesting details, or follow
the lead when their child points to something. Avoiding vague words is important as well. While it’s
easy to gesture in a general direction and say “that one” or “over there,” nondescript words won’t
increase a child’s vocabulary and knowledge the same way that pointing towards an object and
describing it will--think of how many concepts the sentence “I see a big, green truck on the bottom
shelf” includes!
UNIT 13
 “Substitute ‘damn’ every time you’re inclined to write ‘very;’ your editor will delete it
and the writing will be just as it should be.” ~Mark Twain~
 “‘Very’ is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out. More
than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to
strengthen.” ~Florence King~
 “So avoid using the word ‘very’ because it’s lazy. A man is not very tired, he is
exhausted. Don’t use very sad, use morose. Language was invented for one reason,
boys – to woo women – and, in that endeavor, laziness will not do. It also won’t do in
your essays.” ~N.H. Kleinbaum~
Why is so important to have an extensive vocabulary?

UNIT 13
Stop using “Very”!
UNIT 14
The Hit Songwriting Formula

For many songwriters, having a number one single is their biggest goal in life. A top of the
charts song is enough to make a comfortable living for the rest of your life but having a hit
isn’t easy. You may be saying to yourself; “if only there was a magic songwriting formula
for writing a hit song.” Well, that dream may not be as far off as you think. Over the
decades there have been many industry professionals who’ve studied nothing but number
one singles. In doing so they discovered a pattern among those that have succeeded and
those that were never heard.

What’s been uncovered is that there is a certain set of rules or a formula songwriters can
follow to assure their songs have maximum commercial success. Although it doesn’t
guarantee a song will become number one it conditions the song to succeed, should the
opportunity arise. To bring these rules up to current times I looked at the #1 singles from
past 12 months (2018 into 2019) and found that the majority of them followed what’s
listed below. It may not be for every artist, but using outlined songwriting formula will
assure that the tracks you write reach as large an audience as possible.
UNIT 14
1. Song Length
Song length seems to be an integral part of the hit songwriting formula. People don’t have the attention
spans to listen to a track that’s too long. Then again you don’t want your track to be so quick that the
listener misses or forgets it. The majority of #1 singles clock in at around three minutes, give or take thirty
seconds. At the extremes it’s pretty rare to see a number one track that goes over four minutes or under
two. So, if you need to stretch things one way or another, be sure to stay within those confines. Below are
some examples of tracks from the past year, each sitting at about three to three minutes and thirty
seconds.
Nice for what – Drake

Thank u, next – Ariana Grande
2. Don’t Bore Us, Get To The Chorus

You may have heard this phrase before and it’s pretty self explanatory. In a nutshell, average listeners
aren’t in it for the verses, they want something catchy they can latch on to. In other words, they want the
chorus or hook of the song. If you wait too long to get to this part they’ll lose interest quickly. The solution
to this problem is to get to the chorus as quickly as possible. On average this should take around 45
seconds and no longer than a minute at the most. To be extra safe with this part of the songwriting
formula, many pop artists open their songs with the chorus or at least a hook, which grabs attention from
the get go. Below are a couple number one examples of this in 2020.
In my feelings – Drake
Old Town Road – Lil Nas x
UNIT 14
3. Extend The Chorus With a Pre-Chorus

Short verses have one major downfall in pop music; they can dramatically cut down on the length of a
song. The solution to this is something you see often in hit songs and that’s to add a pre-chorus. The pre-
chorus will add excitement that builds to the gratification of the chorus. Although the lyrics can change
each time it’s sung, it’s common to keep the pre-chorus the same as the song progresses. This is often
the better choice as it breeds familiarity. As already mentioned, any songwriting techniques to make the
music quickly digestible is part of the magic formula. A repeating pre-chorus does this beautifully and by
the end of the first chorus your listener will already know more than half the song.
4. Key To Success

Believe it or not, whether a song is in a major or minor key can have merit on its success. After going
through the number one hits of the past year I found that all of them except for one were in a major
key. Why does this seem to be such an integral part of the songwriting formula? My theory simply
comes down to the fact that people would rather listen to music that makes them feel good rather than
what which brings them down. A major key can make that happen even when the song has sadder
lyrics. That’s not to say there isn’t a place for minor songs. Plenty of people love to listen to sad and
melancholy music but that style just won’t make it to number one as easily. Check out some examples
of hit songs both in major keys below.
Girls like you – Maroon 5

Without me– Halsey
UNIT 14
5. Hook Line And Sinker

A memorable hook is perhaps the most important part of the hit songwriting formula. It also makes a great starting place
when you’re sitting down to write a song. The hook is the biggest thing your listener will remember from a song and
should sum it all up. Think of it as the part they would sing to their friends when they’re trying to describe it in a few
seconds. It has to be memorable and it needs to be catchy so that it sticks with them long after the song’s over. It can be
lyrical, musical or something as simple as a few “whoa whoas” following the chorus. Whatever it is, every hit song needs to
have a hook. In my opinion, even if your not writing for the charts a hook is necessary, it’s what steers the ship on the
songs message.
6. Keep The Verses Short and Simple

When it comes to mastering the songwriting formula for hits, the more digestible you can make a track the better. Keeping
the verses simple in form will make them memorable and relatable when the second verse roles around. Not only that but
a short verse will help you get to the main attraction (the hook) even quicker. Just make sure your verses are still adding
content to the song, despite simplicity. The verses are still an integral part of progressing a song’s story.
7. Ideal BPM

The tempo of a song is also known to play into whether or not a piece of music will rise in the charts. That said, there are
both upbeat and slower songs that top the charts, each with their own ideal tempo. A few years ago the ideal tempo for an
upbeat track was 120BPM and this still is a great starting place. However, recent years have seen a rise in the tempo on
number one singles. In current trends fast paced songs have an average BPM of around 135BPM. Here’s an example at a hit
that clocked in at 136 BPM:
I like it – Cardi B
UNIT 14
8. Hit Songwriting Structure

With all of this in mind what is the best structure when trying to write a number one hit?
The tried and true method is:
Intro
Verse 1
Pre-Chorus
Chorus
(Hook)*
Verse 2
Pre-Chorus
Chorus
(Hook)*
Bridge
Chorus

*The hook is in brackets as it’s placement tends to vary. Often it will act as a type of post-chorus that
brings things back to the verse. Other times it’s right in the Chorus. Either way a hook is absolutely
necessary somewhere in the song.
UNIT 14
Conclusion: Does The Perfect Hit Songwriting Formula Exist?

Unfortunately, there’s no surefire way to write a guaranteed number one hit. There are a
number of factors that contribute to a song success beyond the song itself. You could have
the most perfectly crafted hit song ever written but if you just put it on the internet with no
following or follow-up chances are it won’t amount to much. In the same way there are
many songs that don’t follow a formula and still manage to reach number one. So sadly
there’s no magic songwriting formula that will get you a hit song and make you rich quick.
However, by following the guidelines laid out above you’ll be left with a song that’s ready
to become a hit. Your music will be easily digestible, catchy and memorable, all the key
ingredients to a hit song. This way when the opportunity arises for your music to reach an
audience it’ll spread as far and as fast as possible.
Why does this formula work?
Do you think that, this formula can work without talent? Why?
Why do you think is so important to make a catchy song?

UNIT 15
A stereotype is a fixed idea that people have about what specific social groups
or individuals are like, especially an idea that is wrong. Other terms that are
associated with the term stereotype are prejudice and cliché. The term has a
Greek origin: stereos means solid or firm and typos mean blow, impression,
engraved or mark. The term was first used in the printing business. The first
modern English use of the term was in 1850, meaning "image perpetuated
without change.“
Because stereotypes are standardized and simplified ideas of groups, based on

some prejudices, they are not derived from objective facts, but rather subjective
and often unverifiable ideas. As Sociologist Charles E. Hurst states* "One reason
for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have
with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Lack of familiarity encourages the
lumping together of unknown individuals".
UNIT 15
Recently, many people have criticized today's misuse of the web. The inventor
of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee himself has warned of the dangers of
the Internet. According to him, the web has become a tool in the hand of the
powerful to get what they want. For example, he warns that fake news is
disseminated either to generate a lot of money or to attempt to manipulate
people's opinions . Another worry was the gross invasion of privacy. Tim
Berners-Lee is also concerned about governments' misuse of the Internet to
collect personal data to manipulate or oppress people.
What do you think about stereotypes?
What is the stereotype that people could use with you?
What can we do to avoid stereotyping someone?

UNIT 15
"I Have a Dream" is a very eloquent speech by Martin Luther King Jr. It is a 17-minute
public speech delivered on August 28, 1963, in which King called for racial equality and
an end to discrimination. The speech, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a defining moment of the American
Civil Rights Movement. Delivered to over 200,000 civil rights supporters, the speech
was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century by a 1999 poll of scholars of
public address.
Here is an extract of the speech:
“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its
creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and
the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of
brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the
heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an
oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!”
UNIT 16
The World Wide Web, the WWW or the Web refers to an information space where

documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. It
was invented by the English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He wrote the first web
browser computer program in 1990. The World Wide Web has been central to the
development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to
interact on the Internet.
Web pages are primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML). In addition to formatted text, web pages may contain
images, video, audio, and software components that are rendered in the user's web
browser as coherent pages of multimedia content. Embedded hyperlinks permit users
to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages with a common domain name
make up a website. Website content can largely be provided by the publisher or by
users who contribute content online.
UNIT 16
Recently, many people have criticized today's misuse of the web. The
inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee himself has warned of the
dangers of the Internet. According to him, the web has become a tool in the
hand of the powerful to get what they want. For example, he warns that fake
news is disseminated either to generate a lot of money or to attempt to
manipulate people's opinions . Another worry was the gross invasion of
privacy. Tim Berners-Lee is also concerned about governments' misuse of the
Internet to collect personal data to manipulate or oppress people.
What do you think about the misuse of the web?
What is the biggest problem with the web?
What can we do to avoid fake news and invasion of privacy?

UNIT 16
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite, a set of communications protocols, to serve billions of
users worldwide. The internet has reshaped and redefined most traditional
communications media including telephone, music, film, and television. This has given
birth to new services. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web
site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds.
The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through
instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has
boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-
business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire
industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s, commissioned by the
United States government in collaboration with private commercial interests to build
robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The commercialization of what
was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation
into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2011, more than 2.1 billion people
— nearly a third of Earth's population — use the services of the Internet.
UNIT 16
Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers and internet to store,
retrieve, transmit, and manipulate information, often in the context of a business or
other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications
technology (ICT) and has evolved according to the needs.
It is worthwhile noting that the term IT is commonly used as a synonym for computers
and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution
technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with
information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics,
semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-commerce,
and computer services.
Thanks to the continuous development of computers, the original computing systems

became minicomputers and later personal computers took the lead. Nowadays, mobile
phones are dethroning the personal computer and computing is evolving faster to
become disembodied more like a cloud, becoming accessible more easily whenever
needed. Information technology has transformed people and companies and has
allowed digital technology to influence society and economy alike. It has, in this sense,
shaped societies and adapted itself to people's needs.
UNIT 17
Easter Day is the central religious feast in the Christian world. According to Christian scripture, Jesus rose
from the death on the third day after his crucifixion. Some Christians celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day
or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday). Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not
fixed in relation to the civil calendar.
According to the traditions, Easter Sunday is celebrated by taking part in an Easter vigil, lighting a new fire
outside the church early on Sunday morning. Another custom involves lighting the Paschal candle and
decorating it with studs to celebrate Christ's wounds. Chanting of the easter proclamation, reading the old
testament, singing hymns and wishing happy Easter Day are other characteristics of the celebration.
Is Easter Day celebrated on a fixed date?
Does the custom of Easter vigil involves lighting fire indoor?

UNIT 17
Relatively newer elements such as the Easter Bunny and Easter egg hunts have become part of
the holiday's modern celebrations, and those aspects are often celebrated by many Christians and
non-Christians alike. The Easter Bunny, which is a counterpart to the Santa Claus of Christmas,
brings gifts, a basket of colored eggs, to children on the night before the celebration. Easter eggs
used to be painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs, or plastic
eggs filled with confectionery such as jelly beans. These eggs are often hidden, allegedly by the
Easter Bunny, for children to find on Easter morning.
Are Easter Bunny and Easter Eggs very old customs?
Is Easter Bunny on Easter Day very much like Santa Claus on Christmas?
UNIT 17
Culture shock
Culture shock can be a daunting experience. It might cause depressive and anxious symptoms, but it might
also be an enriching experience as it allows you to become aware of how diverse are the cultures of the world
and as a result leads one to develop tolerance towards the differences between the different countries. Besides,
culture shock provides you with the opportunity to gain a better understanding of your own cultural awareness,
standing back from yourself and becoming aware of your own cultural, values, beliefs and perceptions.
Culture shock experiences

The following are examples of culture shock experiences, reported by travelers around the world:
Eating with my hands in India

"I’m the kind of person who eats a pizza and sometimes even a sandwich with cutlery. So, using nothing more than my fingers
and some chapati to eat curry took some getting used to."
Jo Fitzsimons
Not Speaking the Japanese language
"I didn't speak any Japanese. I took some lessons at my exchange university and picked up a few basic phrases, but with a
completely different alphabet, it can be tricky to get around places and buy items. Japan is quite rare in that hardly anybody
actually speaks any English, so a lot of interpretive sign language was required."
Kevin Seidler
UNIT 17
Not knowing about the amazing advantages of the product return policy in the USA
"None of my friends back in India believed me when I told them that you can literally buy anything, including food, and return it
within ninety days for a full refund even if you don't have a specific reason for doing so. Most stores actually have a 'Buyer's
Remorse' category under Reason for Return options while returning the product."
Aniruddh Chaturvedi
Not knowing about 'small talk' in the UK

"You would think that Poland (the country that I’m from) and the UK shouldn’t be very different when it comes to the culture, I
couldn’t be more wrong. Where do I start? For example –“small talk”. It just doesn't exist in Poland. We do not talk to strangers
and ask them what they have for dinner. Why would you even want to know that? I remember how surprised I was, when whilst
shopping, I was approached by the shop assistant and asked about my personal life and plans for the evening."
Aga
Homesickness
Culture shock may cause homesickness. This refers to the feeling of longing for one's home. People suffering from culture shock
typically experience a combination of depressive and anxious symptoms related to homesickness. Ways of coping with
homesickness include developing a hobby, thinking positively and feeling grateful about what one has, and building new
relationships. Cultural shock is a natural phenomenon that occurs when one has a cross-cultural experience. Going through the
different stages can take weeks, months or years. But ultimately, the experience can be enriching and may end up with either
adaptation with the new culture or a return home.

Unit 2: Reading Comprehension

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 2: Reading Comprehension

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 2

“A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still

Nowadays, movies could be considered an industry or a

“Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect

What movie of your country reflects better your culture?

Tell me a movie that could be considered a powerful medium

Andy: I’ve worked for three years in my last job.

Interviewer: Can you talk to me about your last job?

Andy: It was a great experience, I learned a lot.

Interviewer: Can you talk to me about your expectations here?

Interviewer: What is your most positive attribute?

Andy: I’m a detail-oriented and hardworking worker.

Interviewer: How much do you want to earn?

Andy: I think that two thousand dollars is a fair wage.

She is the least beautiful Hollywood actress.

My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

The spelling rules:

Short adjective ending in ‘e’ – we add ‘st’.

Good - Best/Bad – Worst/Far - Furthest

The shoe is the cheapest of the store.

This song is the coolest.

Next month will be the coldest of the year.

Could you give me the most expensive, please?

Jerry is the least boring of them.

That sofa is the most comfortable of the room

Is this rope the strongest that you have?

Why does candidates get so nervous in job interviews?

What would you do to stay calm in that situation?

“Realistically, unstructured interviews aren’t going away

What do you think is the biggest problem with usual job

What impression would you like to provide in a job interview?

Andy:Yes, this is a great opportunity, thank you again.

Andy: Hi guys, I’m Andy, nice to meet you!

Boss: Can you check my schedule please? Do I have something scheduled?

Andy: Yes, sir. You have appointments at 2 and 3 pm.

Andy: Alright. Joseph, what can I do now?

Andy: Okay, let’s get started!

To be good at – was good at

You can park here. - Permissão

It can happen to anyone. - Possibilidade

She can’t speak French very well. - Capacidade

Can you help me? - Pedido

O modal WOULD é geralmente utilizado na formação de frases interrogativas e também para formar o

Quando se quer oferecer algo a alguém

Would you like a cup of coffee?

Para exprimir certa preferência por algo

I would love to go with you - Eu amaria ir com você

Quando se quer fazer uma recusa

Para descrever hábitos passados

You couldn't smoke in the presence of your parents at that time.

He could swim when he was eight years old.

 You could have called me.

 Could you pass me the bread?

 The milk was so hot that I couldn't drink it.

 You could invite Roberta for your birthday's party.

Could you go to the store?

I can hear the song.

I would always swim in the summer.

Could you give me the most expensive, please?

Jerry could be the coolest guy on earth.

She couldn’t believe, it was a miracle!

Could he play guitar?

Life always can get better, you just need to try!