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Department
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Electrical
Engineering
 M State-space averaged
U modeling of power
E electronic converters

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Department
Dr.Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar
of
Electrical
Engineering
 State-space averaged modeling
State-space models provide a general and strong basis for
dynamic modeling of various systems including power
M converters.

U State-space models are useful to design the needed linear

control loops, and can also be used to computer
E simulate the steady state, as well as the dynamic
behavior of the power converter, fitted with the
T designed feedback control loops and subjected to
external perturbations.
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Furthermore, state-space models are the basis for applying
powerful nonlinear control methods such as sliding
Department mode. State-space averaging and linearization provides
of
Electrical an elegant solution for the application of widely known
Engineering
linear control techniques to most power converters.
 Procedure For State-Space
Averaging
 Draw the linear switched circuit model for each state of the
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
switching converter.
  Write state equations for each switched circuit model using

U 
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws
 Averaging the State- space Equation using the duty ratio.

E   Perturb the averaged state equation to yield steady-state (DC)

and dynamic (AC) terms and eliminate the product of any AC

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terms
  Transform the AC equations into S- domain to solve for
JAMSHORO Transfer Function.

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 Modeling Procedure
To obtain a nonlinear model for power electronic
circuits, one needs to apply Kirchhoff's circuit laws.
M To avoid the use of complex mathematics, the electrical
U and semiconductor devices must be represented as ideal
components (zero ON voltages, zero OFF currents, zero
E switching times). Therefore, auxiliary binary variables
can be used to determine the state of the switches.

T It must be ensure that the equations obtained by the use

of Kirchhoff's laws should include all the permissible
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states due to power semiconductor devices being ON or
OFF.
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 STATE SPACE MODEL OF BUCK
CONVERTER
 Buck converter is step-down non-isolated dc-dc converter. The

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basic circuit diagram of buck converter, as shown in Fig.1, is
composed of dc source Vin, controlled switch S, diode D,
inductor L, capacitor C, and load resistor R.
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Department
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 The state space model of the above converter, shown in
Fig.1

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 d iL vC
vC   6
dt C RC

Eq. 6 consists on two state parameters i-e inductor current and

M capacitor voltage.Therefore, Eq.6 will be

 x1  iL 
U  x   v 
 2  C 
E 
x 
1
x 
1
x
T 2 C 1 RC 2
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From Figure 1 it is also found that
Vdc  vL  vC
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 d Vdc vC
iL  
dt L L 10


Vdc 1
M x1 
L

L
x2
11

U The state space equation of buck topology when solid state

switch is conducting is given by equation 12
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T 12
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Department
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 Similarly, the state space equation of buck topology when
solid state switch is turned off is given by equation 13

M 13

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The state space averaging modelof buck topology is given by
Eequation 14
T 14
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 Equation 15 describing the state space averaging
model of buck topology

M 14

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Department
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 M
From Equation.(11), the state variable is the inductor
current. Its first derivative is given as
. D 1 ; D is duty ratio (1)
U x1  Vdc  x2
L L or

E d iL

( D  Vdc )  VO
(1)
dt L
T Similarly, the first derivative of the state variable
JAMSHORO (capacitor voltage) is given by

Department dVO i L  iO (18)

of
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
Engineering dt C
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 M
 a state space representation is a
mathematical model of a physical
system as a set of input, output
U and state variables related by
first-order differential equations.

E "State space" refers to the space


whose axes are the state variables.

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The state of the system can be
represented as a vector within that
space.
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Department
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Department
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Department
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 Modeling Procedure
 The steps to obtain a system-level modeling and simulation of power
electronic converters are listed below.

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 1) Determine the state variables of the power circuit in order to write its
switched state-space model, e.g., inductor current and capacitor voltage.

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 2) Assign integer variables to the power semiconductor (or to each
switching cell) ON and OFF states.

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 3)

 4) Assume the main operating modes of the converter (continuous or

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discontinuous conduction or both) or the modes needed to describe all the
possible circuit opera­tional modes. Then, apply Kirchhoff's laws and
combine all the required stages into a switched state-space model, which is
JAMSHORO the desired system-level model.

 5) Write this model in the integral form, or transform the differential form
to include the semiconductors logical variables in the control vector: the
Department converter will be represented by a set of nonlinear differential equations.
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 6) Implement the derived equations with "SIMULINK"
blocks (open loop system simulation is then possible
to check the obtained model).
7) Use the obtained switched space-state model to
M design linear or nonlinear controllers for the power
converter.

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8) Perform closed-loop simulations and evaluate
converter performance.
9) The algorithm for solving the differential equations
E and the step size should be chosen before running any
simulation. The two last steps are to obtain closed-
T loop simulations [2].

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Department
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 M
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E THANKS
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Department
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