1 Introduction To PCD

Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.
Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Instructor’s Profile
Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio
Licensed Civil Engineer
Faculty Member
Technological Institute of the Philippines- Quezon City Campus
Cubao, Quezon City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Intramuros, Manila
Master of Science in Civil Engineering

major in Structural Engineering (ongoing)
University of the Philippines- Diliman Campus
Diliman, Quezon City
e-mail: adamsroycedionisio@gmail.com
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
CE 513
Prestressed Concrete
Design
DISCLAIMER:
This presentation may contain errors that will be corrected in class. It is the responsibility of the student to
take note of these corrections. This may be considered as a supplementary material only and should not be
used as substitute to the class discussions and reading materials. Not everything that the student needs to
know is included in these notes. No part of this presentation (photos, problems, etc) is owned by the
instructor, credit goes to the respective owners. “Fair Use” of copyrighted materials are observed.
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References:
Nawy, E. G. (2010). Prestressed Concrete (5th Ed.). New
Jersey, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
References:
ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-14) and Commentary
(ACI 318RM-14). Farmington Hills, MI: American
Concrete Institute.
References:
Concrete Institute.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP C101-
15 Vol. I). Quezon City, Philippines: ASEP
References:
Concrete Institute.
Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute. PCI Design
Handbook (7th Ed.). USA: PCI
References:
Concrete Institute.
Post-Tensioning Institute. Post-Tensioning Manual (6th
Ed.). USA: PTI
References:
Concrete Institute.
Post-Tensioning Institute. Post-Tensioning Manual (6th
Ed.). USA: PTI
www.google.com (for some images)
References:
Concrete Institute.
American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
1. To understand the definition and significance of Prestressed Concrete Design.
2. To be familiar with the advantages of using Prestressed Concrete.
3. To be familiar with the historical development of Prestressing.
4. To understand the basic concepts of Prestressing.

What is Prestressed Concrete Design? What is Prestressing?
𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
+𝑤

𝑆 𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝐿
to introduce internal stresses to
counteract the stresses that will result from
Concrete is a applied load
𝑃 𝑃 Brittle Material,
therefore it has
sudden failure!
Goal: to minimize, if not totally
eradicate, the tensile stresses develop
when the service loads are applied

𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
𝑆 𝐷𝐿+𝑤
𝐿𝐿 0.08
𝑓 𝑐 ′ ≤ 𝑓 𝑡 ≤ 0. 14 𝑓 𝑐 ′
−
𝑓𝑇
+ 𝑀 𝑆 𝐷𝐿+𝑀
𝑀 𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑃
𝑃
𝑉
𝐷𝐿+𝑉 +𝑉

+𝑓
𝐵 −
𝑓𝑃 𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
+𝑤

𝑆 𝐷𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 +𝑤 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
Concrete is a applied load
𝑃 𝑃 Brittle Material,
therefore it has
sudden failure!
Goal: to minimize, if not totally
eradicate, the tensile stresses develop
when the service loads are applied

𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
𝑆 𝐷𝐿+𝑤
+𝑤 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
𝐿𝐿 0.08
𝑓 𝑐 ′ ≤ 𝑓 𝑡 ≤ 0. 14 𝑓 𝑐 ′
−
𝑓𝑇 −
𝑓 𝑇 ′=− 𝑓 𝑇 − 𝑓 𝑃
𝑃 𝑀 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
+ Capacity in M, V, and
𝑃
+¿
¿ T are increased!
𝑉
𝐷𝐿+𝑉 +𝑉

Linear Prestressing-
+𝑉 prestressing force is
+𝑓
𝐵 −
𝑓 𝑃 +𝑓
𝐵 ′=+𝑓 𝐵 − 𝑓 𝑃 𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
applied parallel to the
axis of the member
𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
+𝑤

𝑆 𝐷𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 +𝑤 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
applied load +𝑓

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
Circular Prestressing
+𝜎
𝑇
Goal: to minimize, if not totally - prestressing force is 𝑝

eradicate, the tensile stresses develop applied tangent to
when the service loads are applied the +𝜎
𝑇
𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤 +𝑤 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
axis of the member
𝑆 𝐷𝐿+𝑤
𝐿𝐿 +𝑓
𝑃
−
𝑓𝑇 −
𝑓 𝑇 ′=− 𝑓 𝑇 − 𝑓 𝑃
𝑃 𝑀 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
+ Capacity in M, V, and
𝑃
+¿
¿ T are increased!
𝑉
𝐷𝐿+𝑉 +𝑉

Linear Prestressing-
+𝑉 prestressing force is
+𝑓
𝐵 −
𝑓 𝑃 +𝑓
𝐵 ′=+𝑓 𝐵 − 𝑓 𝑃 𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑙
applied parallel to the
axis of the member

Are there advantages from using Prestressed Concrete?
𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
+𝑤

𝑆 𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝑤
𝐷𝐿+𝑤
+𝑤

𝐿
𝐿
Advantages
shallower depth (65% to 80% of
equivalent RC), hence requires less Disadvantages
concrete and 20% to 35% of higher cost of higher quality
reinforcement of equivalent RC materials needed in prestressing
less maintenance needed prestressing
possible longer working life due to operations result in an
better quality control of the concrete formwork
added cost is more complex
lighter foundations due to smaller due to the geometry of sections
weight of the superstructure
good for long spans to reduce
cracking and long-term deflection

Historical Development of Prestressing
1872 P.H. Jackson, an engineer 1888 C.W. Doehring

from California, patented a of Germany obtained a
prestressing system that used a patent for prestressing
tie rod to construct beams or slabs with metal wires
arches from individual blocks
These early attempts were not

really successful because of the
loss of the prestress with time
 R. E. Dill of Alexandria, Nebraska, recognized

the effect of the shrinkage and creep of concrete
on the loss of prestress.
he subsequently developed the idea that
successive post-tensioning of unbonded rods
would compensate for the time-dependent loss of
stress in the rods due to the decrease in the
length of the member because of creep and
shrinkage
1920s W. H. Hewett of Minneapolis developed

the principles of circular prestressing
he hoop-stressed horizontal reinforcement
around walls of concrete tanks through the use of
turnbuckles to prevent cracking due to internal
liquid pressure, thereby achieving watertightness
1926 to 1928 Eugene Freyssinet proposed

methods to overcome prestress losses through
the use of high-strength and high-ductility steels.
1940 he introduced the now well-known and
well-accepted Freyssinet system comprising the
conical wedge anchor for 12-wire tendons.
WWII G. Magnel of Ghent, Belgium

and Y. Guyon of Paris extensively
developed and used the concept of
prestressing for the design and
construction of numerous bridges in
western and central Europe.
the Magnel system also used
wedges to anchor the prestressing
wires. They differed from the original
Freyssinet wedges in that they were
flat in shape, accommodating the
prestressing of two wires at a time.
1930s to 1960s P. W. Abeles of

England introduced and developed
the concept of partial prestressing
F. Leonhardt of Germany, V.
Mikhailov of Russia, and T. Y. Lin of
the United States also contributed a
great deal to the art and science of
the design of prestressed concrete
Lin’s load-balancing method
considerably simplified the design
process, particularly in continuous
structures.

Basic Concepts of Prestressing
𝑤

𝑃 𝑃
𝑤

−
𝑀𝑐 𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓 𝑇 =− −
𝐼𝑔 𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝑔
𝑀
𝑃
𝑃
+¿
¿
𝑉

𝑃 𝑀𝑐 𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒
+ 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 𝑓 𝐵 =− +
− 𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝑔
𝐼𝑔 𝐴𝑐
Basic Concepts of Prestressing
𝑤

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓 𝑇 =− −
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝑔
𝑃 𝑒 𝑃

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓 𝐵 =− +
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝑔
𝑤
𝑀𝑐 +(𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒) 𝑐 𝑀𝑐
− 𝑓 𝑇 =− + −
𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔
𝑀 𝑃𝑒
𝑃
𝑃 +¿ +¿
¿

𝑃
𝑉

+ 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑀𝑐 𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒

−

− 𝑓 𝐵 =− − +
𝐼𝑔 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔

Summary of this Discussion
Prestressed Concrete Design is the design of concrete structures which have been introduced to internal
stresses prior to carrying of total intended load (prestressed), to counteract the stresses that will result from
these applied load.
Advantages of using Prestressed Concrete Disadvantages

shallower depth (65% to 80% of possible longer working life due to higher cost of higher quality
equivalent RC), hence requires less better quality control of the concrete materials needed in prestressing
concrete and 20% to 35% of lighter foundations due to smaller prestressing
reinforcement of equivalent RC weight of the superstructure operations result in an
less maintenance needed good for long spans to reduce formwork
added cost is more complex
cracking and long-term deflection due to the geometry of sections
Prestressing started in 1872 when P.H. Jackson, an engineer from California, patented a prestressing system
that used a tie rod to construct beams or arches from individual blocks, but was not really successful due to the
existence of time-dependent prestressing losses, which were addressed as technology of materials advances,
particularly prestressing steel, together with accumulated knowledge in estimating short and long-term losses.
Prestressing induces stresses that will counteract the stresses that will result from applied loads.
Thank You for Listening!

For questions, clarifications, and any other concern, please do not hesitate to contact me via:
𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴 ~𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜
𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜
.𝑐𝑒 @𝑡𝑖𝑝 .𝑒𝑑𝑢. 𝑝h

1 Introduction To PCD

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Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

American Association of State Highway and

2. To be familiar with the advantages of using Prestressed Concrete.

3. To be familiar with the historical development of Prestressing.

4. To understand the basic concepts of Prestressing.

Goal: to minimize, if not totally - prestressing force is 𝑝

2. To be familiar with the advantages of using Prestressed Concrete.

3. To be familiar with the historical development of Prestressing.

4. To understand the basic concepts of Prestressing.

2. To be familiar with the advantages of using Prestressed Concrete.

3. To be familiar with the historical development of Prestressing.

4. To understand the basic concepts of Prestressing.

1872 P.H. Jackson, an engineer 1888 C.W. Doehring

These early attempts were not

 R. E. Dill of Alexandria, Nebraska, recognized

1920s W. H. Hewett of Minneapolis developed

1926 to 1928 Eugene Freyssinet proposed

WWII G. Magnel of Ghent, Belgium

1930s to 1960s P. W. Abeles of

2. To be familiar with the advantages of using Prestressed Concrete.

3. To be familiar with the historical development of Prestressing.

4. To understand the basic concepts of Prestressing.

+ 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑀𝑐 𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒

2. To be familiar with the advantages of using Prestressed Concrete.

3. To be familiar with the historical development of Prestressing.

4. To understand the basic concepts of Prestressing.

Advantages of using Prestressed Concrete Disadvantages

Thank You for Listening!

𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴 ~𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜

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