THE CELL

Objectives:
The learners . . . .
 can explain the postulates of the cell theory

 Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

according to their distinguishing features
Group Activity
Identify the scientist/biologist who discovered the
following:

 Animalcules ___________________________
 Cellulae ___________________________
 Basic building blocks _____________________
 Nucleus ___________________________
 Basic unit of life ________________________
 diseased cells come from healthy cells
___________
 sperm and eggs are also cells __________________
 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
 Single celled organism _________________
 DNA is visible as a long irregularly shaped molecule
_____________
 Cell membrane, cytoplasm and various organelles
______________
 Lack membrane bound organelle _________________
 Several rod-shaped chromosomes
_________________
 Times up!!!!
Submit your output
Analysis
 What makes prokaryotes different from
eukaryotes?

 What are the postulates of Cell theory?

Cell Theory
Date Event
1665 Cell first observed 

Robert Hooke, an English scientist, discovered a honeycomb-

like structure in a cork slice using a primitive compound
microscope. He only saw cell walls as this was dead tissue. He
coined the term "cell" for these individual compartments he
saw.
1670 First living cells seen 

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch biologist, looks at pond

water with a microscope he made lenses for.
1683 Miniature animals 

Anton van Leeuwenhoek made several more discoveries on a

microscopic level, eventually publishing a letter to the Royal
Society in which he included detailed drawings of what he saw.
Among these was the first protozoa and bacteria discovered.
1833 The center of the cell seen 

Robert Brown, an English botanist, discovered the nucleus in

plant cells.
1838 Basic building blocks 

Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a German botanist, proposes that all

plant tissues are composed of cells, and that cells are the
basic building blocks of all plants. This statement was the first
generalized statement about cells.
1839 Cell theory 

Theodor Schwann, a German botanist reached the conclusion

that not only plants, but animal tissue as well is composed of
cells. This ended debates that plants and animals were
fundamentally different in structure. He also pulled together
and organized previous statement on cells into one theory,
which states: 1 - Cells are organisms and all organisms consist
of one or more cells 2 - The cell is the basic unit of structure
for all organisms
1840 Where does life come from 

Albrecht von Roelliker discoveres that sperm and eggs

are also cells.
1845 Basic unit of life 

Carl Heinrich Braun reworks the cell theory, calling cells

the basic unit of life.

1855 3rd part to the cell theory added 

Rudolf Virchow, a German

physiologist/physician/pathologist added the 3rd part to
the cell theory. The original is Greek, and states Omnis
cellula e cellula. This translates as all cells develop only
from existing cells. Virchow was also the first to propose
that diseased cells come from healthy cells
Postulates:
 All organisms are made of cells
 Cells are sites of metabolic reactions
 Cells come from pre-existing cells
 Cells contain a hereditary material
Cells . . . . .
 Is the smallest entity that can exhibit all
characteristics of life.

 Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all

organisms
PROKARYOTIC
AND EUKARYOTIC
 Cell Types
 Two categories:
1. Cell that have
membrane-bound organelles
 Called Eukaryotic Cells
2. Cells that do not have membrane-
bound organelles
 called prokaryotic cells
 Unicellular organisms such as
bacteria are examples of
prokaryotes.
Cell Types
 Eukaryotic cells-
 Cells that contain organelles which are held together by
membranes
 Examples include plant and animal cells.
 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
 The plasma
membrane/cell membrane
 the flexible boundary of a
cell
 separates a cell from its
surroundings
Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane continued:

 allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be

removed
 This is referred to as selective permeability.
*(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)*

 keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and water

within the cell is called homeostasis
Overview of Organelles
 Nucleus-
 Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner
compartment of the cell
 contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands
called chromosomes
 “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction
 Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins
 Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here
Overview Cont’d
 Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of
as “factories”
 Cytoplasm- clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all
organelles
 Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of membranes
 Rough ER: with ribosomes
 Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes
 Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends
them to needed places in the cell
 Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes
to remove waste and invading bacteria
 Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the
cell
 release energy for the cell
 It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell

 Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane

 Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products
Eukaryotic plant cell
 Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant cells
contain some organelles that are not found in animal
cells.
Plant Cell Organelles
 Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It
provides the cell with extra support.
 Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into
chemical energy.
 Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast.
 Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the plant
cell.