Penyelidikan Tanah

Tanah?

As’ad Munawir

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SIVA
 Penyelidikan Tanah

Definition

The process of determining the layers of

natural soil deposits that will underlie a
proposed structure and their physical
properties is generally referred to as site
investigation.

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 Penyelidikan Tanah

Geo-Laboratory soil properties Design Office

~ for testing ~ for design & analysis

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construction site
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 Pengujian Tanah (Soil Testing)

PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL UJI LAB

( SAMPLING ) (LAB TESTING)

PEMBORAN SIFAT TANAH

(BORING) (SOIL PROPERTIES

UJI LAPANGAN
(IN SITU TESTING)

 CONE PENETRATION TEST

(CPT / SONDIR)
 STANDARD PENETRATION
TEST (SPT)
 PLATE BEARING TEST
 FIELD VANE SHEAR TEST
 DLL.
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 Sifat Tanah
1. Sifat fisik (physical properties)
 Ukuran butir
 Liquid limt & plastic limit ( batas atterberg)
 Kadar air
 Unit Weight ( γ ), Specific Gravity Gs
 Dll.
2. Sifat mekanis (mechanical properties)  parameter kuat
geser c, φ
 Unconfined compression test (uji kuat tekan bebas)
 Direct shear test (uji geser langsung)
 Triaxial compression test (uji tekan 3 sumbu)
 Vane shear test
3. Sifat kemampatan (compressibility characteristics)
 Uji konsolidasi (oedometer test)
4. Sifat hidrolis (hydraulics properties)
 Uji permeabilitas (constant head & falling head)

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The purpose of a soil
investigation program
1. Selection of the type and the depth of foundation suitable
for a given structure.
2. Evaluation of the load-bearing capacity of the foundation.
3. Estimation of the probable settlement of a structure.
4. Determination of potential foundation problems (for
example, expansive soil, collapsible soil, sanitary landfill,
and so on).
5. Establishment of ground water table.
6. Prediction of lateral earth pressure for structures like
retaining walls, sheet pile bulkheads, and braced cuts.
7. Establishment of construction methods for changing subsoil
conditions.

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Depth of Boring

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WHY?
 To determine the type of foundation required

for the proposed project at the site, i.e.

shallow foundation or deep foundation.
 To make recommendations regarding the

safe bearing capacity or pile load capacity.

 Ultimately, it is the subsoil that provides the

ultimate support for the structures.

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FAILURE/ULTIMATE
FAILURE/ULTIMATE
 FAILURE/ULTIMATE

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HOW?
 The three important aspect are planning,

execution and report writing.

 Planning

 To minimize cost of explorations and yet give

reliable data.
 Decide on quantity and quality depending on

type, size and importance of project and

whether investigation is preliminary or detailed.
 Execution:
 Collection of disturbed and/or
undisturbed samples of
subsurface strata from field.
 Conducting in-situ tests of
subsurface material and
obtaining properties directly or
indirectly.
 Study of ground water
conditions and collection of
sample for chemical analysis.
 Geophysical exploration, if
necessary.
 Laboratory testing on samples
Introduction (Cont’d)…
 Report writing:
 Description of site conditions – topographic
features, hydraulic conditions, existing structures,
etc. supplemented by plans/drawings.
 Description of nature, type and importance of
proposed construction
 Description of field and lab tests carried out.
 Analysis and discussion of data collected
 Preparation of charts, tables, graphs, etc.
 Calculations performed
 Recommendations
A complete site investigation will consist of:
 Preliminary work
 Collecting general information and already existing data
such as study of geologic , seismic maps, etc. at or near
site.
 Study site history – if previously used as quarry,
agricultural land, industrial unit, etc.

 Site Reconnaissance: Actual site inspection.

 To judge general suitability
 Decide exploration techniques
Introduction (Cont’d)…
 Exploration
 Preliminary Investigations: Exploratory borings or shallow
test pits, representative sampling, geophysical
investigations, etc
 Detailed Investigations: Deep boreholes, extensive
sampling, in-situ testing, lab testing, etc.
 Depth and spacing: In general, depth of investigation
should be such that any/all strata that are likely to
experience settlement or failure due to loading. Spacing
depends upon degree of variation of surface topography
and subsurface strata in horizontal direction. Refer to Alam
Singh.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

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 Test Pits

The excavation of test pits is a simple and reliable method.

The depth is limited to 4-5m only.

The in-situ conditions are examined visually

It is easy to obtain disturbed and undisturbed samples

Block samples can be cut by hand tools and tube samples can be taken from
the bottom of the pit.

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Walls of the test pit indicate four layers (1) Clayey silt (2)
Sandy silt (3) Clean sand (4) Sandy gravel

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Methods of Investigation
 Test pits:
 Permits visual inspection
of subsurface conditions
in natural state.
 Max. depth limited to 18
-20 feet.
 Especially useful for
gravelly soil where
boreholes may be
difficult.
 Sampling/testing done on
exposed surfaces.
 Stratigraphy and Finds
Layer Soil Soil Colour Finds Chronology
L1 Sandy soil Gray 7.5YR 5/1 Modern Rubbish (filled soil) 1980s
L2 Sandy soil Pinkish white  7.5YR 8/2 Modern rubbish (filled soil) 1980s
L3 Sandy soil Reddish yellow 7.5YR 7/6 Modern rubbish (filled soil) 1980s
L4 Sandy soil Gray  7.5YR 6/1 Modern rubbish (filled soil) 1980s
L5 Loamy soil Reddish yellow 5YR 6/6 Nil (original decomposed soil)  
L6 Loamy soil Reddish yellow 5YR 6/8 Nil (original decomposed soil)  
L7 Loamy soil, with Light red 2.5YR 6/8 Nil (original decomposed soil)  
some
decomposed
bed rock texture

Test Pit Wall Photograph Test Pit Wall Drawing

Western Wall Section Western Wall Section Drawing
 
 
 Boring or Drilling
Boring refers to advancing a hole in the ground.
Boring is required for the following:
To obtain representative soil and rock samples for laboratory tests.

To identify the groundwater conditions.

Performance of in-situ tests to assess appropriate soil characteristics.

Some of the common types of boring are as follows

Auger boring

Wash boring

Percussion boring

Rotary drilling

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Methods of Boring
 Auger Borings:
 Simplest method of exploration and sampling.
 Power driven or hand operated.
 Max. depth 10 m
 Suitable in all soils above GWT but only in
cohesive soil below GWT
 Hollow stem augers used for sampling or
conducting Standard Penetration Tests.
SOIL BORING

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Boring tools
Auger boring Power drills

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Hand operated
augers

Power driven augers

a. Helical (worm types) Augers b. Short flight Auger
c. Iwan (posthole) Auger

a b c

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Methods of Boring
 Wash Boring:
 A casing is driven with a drop hammer. A hollow drill
rod with chopping bit is inserted inside the casing.
 Soil is loosened and removed from the borehole using
water or a drilling mud jetted under pressure.
 The water is jetted in the hole through the bottom of a
wash pipe and leaves the hole along with the loose
soil, from the annual space between the hole and
wash pipe.
 The water reaches the ground level where the soil in
suspension is allowed to settle and mud is re-
circulated.
 Drilling: Continuous Flight Auger

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 Mechanical Auger

 Mechanical Auger means power operated augers. The power required to

rotate the auger depends on the type and size of auger and the type of
soil.
 Downwards pressure can be applied hydraulically, mechanically or by
dead weight

a
a
b
c d
a. Continuous Flight Auger b. Hallow-stem auger plugged during advancing bore
c. Plug removed and sampler inserted d. Truck mounted auger boring machine

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Boring tools

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Schematic for wash
boring
Wash boring rig
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Boring tools

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Boring
tools

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 Diamond Drill Bit

Tricone drill bit

Depth of Boring

The approximate required minimum depth of

the borings should be predetermined. The
estimated depths can be changed during the
drilling operation, depending on the subsoil
encoun­tered. To determine the approximate
minimum depth of boring, engineers may use
the following rule:

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Depth of Boring
1. Determine the net increase of stress, under a
foundation with depth as shown in the Figure.
2. Estimate the variation of the vertical effective stress, ',
with depth.
3. Determine the depth, D = D1, at which the stress
increase  is equal to (1/10) q (q = estimated net stress
on the foundation).
4. Determine the depth, D = D2, at which /' = 0.05.
5. Unless bedrock is encountered, the smaller of the two
depths, D1 and D2, just determined is the approximate
minimum depth of boring required. Table shows the
minimum depths of borings for buildings based on the
preceding rule.

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Depth of Boring

Determination of the minimum depth of boring

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Depth of Boring
Depth of Boring

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Depth of Boring

For hospitals and office buildings, the following

rule could be use to determine boring depth

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 KEDALAMAN BOR
JUMLAH TINGKAT/LANTAI
LEBAR BANGUNAN
1 2 4 8 16

KEDALAMAN BOR
(m)
(m)

30,5 3,4 6,1 10,1 16,2 24,1

61 3,7 6,7 12,5 20,7 32,9

122 3,7 7 13,7 24,7 41,5

UNTUK BANGUNAN RUMAH SAKIT DAN PERKANTORAN, SOWERS AND SOWERS

(1970) MENGUSULKAN :
Db = 3 S0,7 UNTUK BANGUNAN BAJA RINGAN DAN BETON SEMPIT

Db = 6 S0,7 UNTUK BANGUNAN BAJA BERAT DAN BETON LEBAR

DIMANA :
Db = KEDALAMAN BOR ( m )
S = JUMLAH TINGKAT/ LANTAI

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Spacing Boring

There are no hard and fast rules for the

spacing of the boreholes. The following
table gives some general guidelines for
borehole spacing. These spacing can be
increased or decreased, depending on
the subsoil condition. If various soil
strata are more or less uniform and
predictable, the number of boreholes
can be reduced.
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Spacing Boring

Approximate Spacing of Boreholes

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Spacing Boring

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Boring Locations

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 JARAK LOBANG BOR

JENIS PROYEK JARAK

(m)
BANGUNAN TINGKAT 10 - 30

BANGUNAN INDUSTRI 1 LANTAI 20 - 60

JALAN RAYA 250 - 500

PERUMAHAN 250 - 500

BENDUNGAN DAN TANGGUL 40 - 80

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Kedalaman & Jarak Bor

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 Preparation of Boring Logs

1. Name and address of the drilling company

2. Driller’s name
3. Job description and number
4. Number, type, and location of boring
5. Date of boring
6. Subsurface stratification, which can he obtained by visual
observation of the soil brought out by auger, split-spoon sampler,
and thin-walled Shelby tube sampler
7. Elevation of water table and date observed, use of casing and mud
losses, and so on
8. Standard penetration resistance and the depth of SPT
9. Number, type, and depth of soil sample collected
10. In case of rock coring, type of core barrel used and, for each run,
the actual length of coring, length of core recovery, and ROD

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SOIL SAMPLING
Two types of soil samples can be obtained
during sampling disturbed and undisturbed.
The most important engineering properties
required for foundation design are strength,
compressibility, and permeability. Reasonably
good estimates of these properties for
cohesive soils can be made by laboratory tests
on undisturbed samples which can be obtained
with moderate difficulty. It is nearly impossible
to obtain a truly undisturbed sample of soil; so
in general usage the term "undisturbed"
means a sample where some precautions have
been taken to minimize disturbance or
remolding effects. In this context, the quality
of an "undisturbed" sample varies widely
between soil laboratories.
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Methods of Sampling
Samples

Disturbed Undisturbed
(The structure of the soil is disturbed (The true in-situ structure and water content
to a considerable degree) is retained as closely as possible)

Remoulded Representative Block Drive

Wash
Undisturbed Samples
Methods of Sampling
 Thin-wall open-tube samplers (Shelby Tube
Samplers) are used for soils that are
particularly sensitive to sampling disturbance.
They are suitable for fine soils up to a firm
consistency, and free from large particles.
 Shelby Tubes are available in carbon steel
and in stainless steel. Usual diameters are 3"
or 4" OD.
Shelby Tube
Split spoon sampler IS:9640-1980
Sketch of split spoon sampler
Methods of Sampling
 Requirements to minimize.
disturbance to samples
 Area ratio = (D2w-D2e) x 100%
D2e
 Area ratio should be as low as
possible. (<10%).
 It represents the amount of soil
displaced.
 Inside clearance = (Ds-De) x 100%
ratio De
Methods of Sampling
 The inside clearance allows elastic expansion of the
sample and minimizes frictional drag on the sample.
 The inside clearance should be between 0.5% to 3%.
 The outside clearance = (Dw-Dt) x 100%
ratio Dt
 Outside clearance is necessary to reduce the driving force
and resistance to withdrawal.
 The outside clearance should be between 0% and 2%.
 Diameter of samples should not be less than 38mm.
(Generally between 50-150mm).
 Piston sampler (Osterberg sampler) not covered. Please
refer to any book.
Disturbed vs Undisturbed
Good quality samples necessary.

AARR<10%
<10%
O.D.2  I .D.2
AR  2
 100 (%)
soil I .D.
area
arearatio
ratio

sampling tube

Thicker the wall, greater the disturbance.

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Disturbed vs Undisturbed

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Common Sampling Methods

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FIELD STRENGTH TESTS
The following are the major field tests for
determining the soil strength:
1. Vane shear test (VST).
2. Standard Penetration Test (SPT).
3. Cone Penetration Test (CPT).
4. The Borehole Shear Test (BST).
5. The Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT).
6. The Pressure-meter Test (PMT).
7. The Plate Load Test (PLT).
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FIELD STRENGTH TESTS

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 63.5-kg Drop Standard Penetration Test
Hammer
Repeatedly
Anvil Falling 0.76 m

Rotary-drilled
Borehole

Split-Barrel
(Drive) Sampler:
O.D. = 50 mm
I.D. = 35 mm
L = 760 mm

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Procedures: ASTM D 1586
N = measured Number of Blows to
drive sampler 300 mm into soil.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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Standard Split Spoon Sampler

 Thick wall (0.25in) cylinder

 Sampling tube is split along the length
 Hammered into the ground

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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 SPT: Automatic Trip
Hammer

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Corrections are normally applied to the SPT
blow count to account for differences in:
• energy imparted during the test (60%
hammer efficiency)
• the stress level at the test depth
The following equation is used to compensate
for the testing factors (Skempton, 1986):

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 Corrections to SPT N-value

 Nmeasured = Raw SPT Resistance (ASTM D 1586).

 N60 = (ER/60) Nmeasured = Energy-Corrected N Value

where ER = energy ratio (ASTM D 4633). Note: 30% <
ER < 100% with average ER = 60% in the U.S.

 N60  CE CB CS CR Nmeas = Estimated corrected N

 (N1)60 = CN N60 = Energy-Corrected SPT Value

normalized to an effective overburden stress of one
atmosphere: (N1)60 = (N60)/(vo’)0.5 with stress given
in atm. (Note: 1 atm = 1 bar = 100 kPa = 1 tsf).
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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SPT Correction Factors
E m C B CS C R N
N 60 
0.60
 hammer efficiency (Em) …. Table 4.3
 bore hole diameter (CB)…….Table 4.4.
 sampler correction (CS) ……Table 4.4
 rod length (CR) ………Table 4.4

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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Hubungan Nilai N - φ

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Hubungan N - Kepadatan Relatif, - Φ
Tanah Pasir.

KEPADATAN RELATIF
N Φ(o)
Dr (%)

0-5 0-5 26-30

5-10 5-30 28-35

10-30 30-60 35-42

30-50 60-95 38-46

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Hubungan Konsistensi Lempung-Nilai SPT N
KUAT TEKAN BEBAS
N KONSISTENSI
qu (kN/m2)

0-2 SANGAT LUNAK 0-25

2-5 LUNAK 25-50

5-10 SEDANG 50-100

10-20 KAKU (STIFF) 100-200

20-30 SANGAT KAKU 200-400

>30 KERAS (HARD) >400

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 Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)

Cone Trucks

Mobile 25-tonne rigs with

enclosed cabins to allow
testing under all weather
conditions
 Crawler Type CPT Truck

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CPT Truck

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Cone Penetrometer

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

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 CPT Profile, Downhole Memphis
qt (MPa) fs (kPa) u b (kPa)
0 20 40 60 0 500 1000 -200 0 200 400 600 800
0 0 0

4 4 4
D epth (m eters)

8 8 8

fs 12 12 12

16 16 16

20 20 20
ub
24 24 24

qt 28 28 28
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

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Typical CPT Data

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

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 CPT Soil Behavioral Classification

Soil Behavior Type (Robertson et al., 1986; Robertson & Campanella, 1988)
1 – Sensitive fine grained 5 – Clayey silt to silty clay 9 – sand
2 – Organic material 6 – Sandy silt to silty sand 10 – Gravelly sand to sand
3 – Clay 7 – Silty sand to sandy silt 11 – Very stiff fine grained*
4 – Silty clay to clay 8 – Sand to silty sand 12 – Sand to clayey sand*
*Note: Overconsolidated or cemented
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

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Texas Cone Penetrometer
Design Charts

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The Plate Load Test (PLT)

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The Plate Load Test (PLT)

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The Plate Load Test (PLT)

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The Plate Load Test (PLT)
Scale Effect in Foundation Design

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 Pengujian Tanah

Pengujian sample tanah di Laboratorium

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 Pengujian Tanah

Pengujian sample tanah di Laboratorium

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 Boring Logs

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 Profil Tanah

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 PROFIL TANAH

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 Hubungan Penyelidikan Tanah-Biaya

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 Laporan Penyelidikan Tanah
1. Skope penyelidikan
2. Deskripsi rencana bangunan
3. Deskripsi lokasi
4. Keadaan geologi
5. Detail eksplorasi lapangan (jumlah,
kedalaman , jenis boring)
6. Deskripsi lapisan tanah
7. Kondisi muka air tanah
8. Rekomendasi pondasi
9. Kesimpulan dan batasan penyelidikan
tanah. 114
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 Lampiran
 Peta lokasi
 Denah lokasi boring
 Boring log
 Hasil uji laboratorium
 Grafik lain yang perlu

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 Rekomendasi Pondasi

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 Denah Lobang Bor

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 Profil Tanah

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 Belajar

Jangan tunggu sampai menit terakhir.

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