echocardiogram showed the following features, What is your probable diagnosis ? Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral stenosis Dr.Sruthi Meenaxshi MBBS,MD ,PDF • Mitral stenosis (MS) is a mechanical obstruction in blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. • The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4–6 cm2 • Impediment to the flow of blood into left ventricle creating pressure gradient occurs when the mitral valve area goes below 2 cm2 Etiology • Mitral stenosis consists of 12% of all valvular heart disease in Euro Heart Survey.
• Rheumatic heart disease (90 %)
• Infective endocarditis, ball valve thrombosis , atrial myoxma • Mitral annular calcification • Congenital malformation ( parachute mitral valve) • Systemic lupus erythematosis • Carcinoid heart disease • Endomyocardial fibrosis • Radiation-associated valve disease, including MS, is increasingly recognized as late manifestation in survivors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma • M-mode echocardiogram — The M-mode examination is performed from the precordium and guided from the 2D long and short axis views. • Normally, the anterior mitral leaflet exhibits a motion pattern that reflects the phasic nature of ventricular filling and produces a familiar M- shaped pattern • The posterior leaflet moves in a nearly mirror image "W" pattern with a smaller excursion M mode mitral valve 2D of mitral stenosis • The following parameters need to be assessed about the valve morphology: • Thickening • Mobility • Subvalvular fusion • Commissural fusion • Calcification. Valvular thickening
• Normal mitral valve thickness is 2-4 mm
• Mitral leaflet thickness can be compared to posterior aortic wall thickness, and the ratio gives an objective assessment. • Normally, the ratio of valve thickness/posterior aortic wall thickness is < 1.4. • 1.4 to2.0 mild Thickening • 2 to 5 moderate thickening • >5 severe thicknening Mobility of valve • (PLAX) and apical four‑chamber views • Assessed by reid index by a line drawn from posterior aortic root wall to the anterior mitral leaflet tip • H/L ratio (ab/xy ratio) • <0.25 mild • 0.25-0.44 moderate • >0.45 severe Reid index Subvalvular apparatus • Measuring chordal shortening • Mild stenosis is if chordal length > 10 mm • Severe disease chordal length < 10 mm Calcification • Bright echogenicity of the leaflets – calcification • Commisural calcification is absolute contraindication for BMV • Two-dimensional echocardiogram — The 2D appearance of the normal mitral valve on TTE depends somewhat upon the imaging plane from which it is viewed. • In the parasternal short axis plane, the valve presents itself as an ovoid (fish mouth) orifice • parasternal long axis and apical views, it resembles clapping hands
• anterior hand longer and more mobile than
the posterior • mitral valve leaflets are thin and translucent; the rough attachment points of its chordae to their free margins are thicker than their smooth bellies. The chordae from each leaflet connect to both papillary muscles. • the valve appears homogeneous and thin, <4 mm in thickness. What happens in mitral stenosis ? • Anatomically, the commissural separation between the anterior and posterior or mural leaflets is • subvalvular apparatus is altered by chordal foreshortening • Immobility of the posterior leaflet is a common early finding with a "hockey stick/knee bend" appearance to the anterior mitral leaflet due to leaflet tethering.
• Doming of the anterior leaflet corresponds
temporally to the opening snap on auscultation. M Mode diagnosis for mitral stenosis • early diastolic closure slope, the E-F slope, produces an easily recognized pattern • severity of obstruction, a slope of less than 10 mm/sec (normal is >60 mm/sec) during suspended respiration means severe mitral stenosis • Reversal of diastolic motion from the normal pattern makes the M-mode of the posterior leaflet one of the most valuable means of identifying mitral stenosis 2 D evaluation of mitral stenosis • dome or bulge into the ventricle throughout diastole • "knee bend" appearance on the precordial long axis view Doming of AML 2D Planimetry • In the parasternal short axis plane, the opening of the valve can be imaged just above the tips of the papillary muscles. • From this orientation, its maximum diastolic opening area can be measured by direct planimetry of the 2D image. • A mitral valve area (MVA) of less than 1.5 cm2 is considered severe, regardless of the method used to calculate its size. Doppler methods • Doppler methods can measure the velocity of mitral inflow. • In mitral stenosis, this velocity increases at rest from a normal value of less than 1 m/sec to greater than 1.5 m/sec.
• The algorithm to convert Doppler velocity into pressure gradient is the
modified Bernoulli equation.
Peak gradient, in mmHg = 4 x peak velocity
• Thus, a peak velocity of 1 m/sec indicates a peak gradient of 4 mmHg; a
peak velocity of 2 m/sec indicates a peak gradient of 16 mmHg; 3 m/sec indicates a peak gradient of 36 mmHg.[ • The mean transmitral gradient can be measured by tracing the area-under-the-curve of the mitral E and A waves obtained by continuous wave Doppler. • With severe mitral stenosis, the mean transmitral gradient is >10 mmHg in sinus rhythm at heart rates between 60 and 80 bpm continous wave doppler in mitral valve tips ( apical 4 chamber view ) Calculate the pressure gradient value > 10 is severe mitral stenosis Calculation of mitral valve area • Pressure half time method • convert Doppler velocity into a pressure gradient, the initial flow velocity is divided by 1.41 (square root of 2), because velocity bears a second order relationship to pressure. Empirically, a pressure half-time of 220 msec is equivalent to a valve area of 1.0 cm2; therefore: • MVA = 220 ÷ pressure half-time Severity grading of mitral stenosis Indirect methods to identify severity of mitral stenosis • degree of foreshortening of the chordae tendineae • leaflet calcification • left atrial enlargement • right ventricular and atrial dilatation • measuring degree of tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension, as determined by Doppler of tricuspid regurgitant jet. • 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for valvular heart disease defined severe mitral stenosis as • MVA ≤1.5 cm2 (MVA ≤1.0 cm2 with very severe MS) and diastolic pressure half-time ≥150 ms • diastolic pressure half-time ≥220 ms with very severe MS, along with severe left atrial enlargement and pulmonary artery systolic pressure >30 mmHg Wilkins score Mitral stenosis • Assess valve doming / restriction / calcification • 2D planimetry – Mitral valve area • Assess Pressure gradient and TR jet velocity associated Pulmonary artery hypertension • Coexisting MR /LA thrombus • Left ventricular and Right ventricular function Assessment of mitral stenosis THANKYOU