SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

GYROSCOPE

BY :
LALIT SHARMA
0904028

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.TECH DEGREE:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DCRUST MURTHAL
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Working principle of basic mechanical type gyroscope
3. History
4. Uses of mechanical gyroscope
5. Micro-electro-mechanical system gyroscope
6. Fiber-optic gyroscope
 INTRODUCTION

 A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based

on the principles of angular momentum.
 Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk in which the axle is
free to assume any orientation. The most interesting effect is that gravity-
defying part which is called Precession.
 Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the
electronic, microchip-packaged MEMS gyroscope , fiber optic gyroscopes
and the extremely sensitive quantum gyroscope.
 It is an emerging field of technology. Applications of gyroscopes include
navigation compass, guided missiles, stabilization of radio controlled
helicopters and unmanned planes, balancing of vehicles and smart
sensors for video game controllers.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

It works on the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

Newton’s first law of motion states that “a body continues to be in a state
of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external force
acts upon it”.
A rotating object has angular momentum that tends to rotate the object
continuously. So Once the wheel of a gyroscope starts rotating, it resists
any change in its axis of rotation (due to angular momentum). If we apply
an external force that tries to change it, there is an opposite reaction
(Newton’s 3rd law) that pushes it in the opposite direction.
This force is always tangential (perpendicular), and because this point of
the wheel is rotating, the force tends to balance itself in a circular motion,
which also holds the gyroscope spinning against gravity with a single
point of contact.
DEMONSTRATION VIDEO
 DIRECTION OF PRECESSION

 Gyroscope
 3 axes
 Spin
 Torque
 Precession
 HISTORY

 Essentially, a gyroscope is a self-balancing spinning toy, put to instrumental

use.
 It was first used as an instrument in 1743 as a level to locate the horizon in
misty condition.
 In 1852,Leon Foucault gave it the modern name when he used it in an
experiment involving rotation of earth. (Greek gyros, circle or rotation)
 The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German inventor
Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe.
 During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime component for
aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights.
 Now 3-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are being used in portable electronic
devices such as Apple's current generation of iPad, iPhone and other
electronic devices.
USES OF GYROSCOPIC PRINCIPLE
 GYRO-COMPASS

A gyrocompass :
 is a type of non-magnetic compass which is
based on a fast-spinning disc and rotation of the
earth.
 uses the effect of gyroscopic precession.
 is used for navigation on ships, because they
have two significant advantages over magnetic
compasses:
1. they find true north as determined by Earth's
rotation, which is different from, and
navigationally more useful than, magnetic
north.
2. They are unaffected by ferromagnetic
materials, such as ship's steel hull, which
change the magnetic field.
 GYRO-COMPASS

Errors :
 include streaming error, where rapid changes in course, speed and latitude
cause deviation before the gyro can adjust itself.
 GYRO-CAR

A gyro-car is a two wheeled automobile in which balance is provided by

one or more gyroscopes. Picture below shows first prototype gyro-car The
Schilovski Gyrocar, commissioned in 1912 by the Russian Count .
 GYRO-CAR

 STABILITY CONTROL :
The stabilization of the vehicle is guaranteed by a set of gyroscopes that
are controlled by a microprocessor.
The microprocessor disposes of a low-pass accelerometer which detects
the resultant of the sum of the gravity acceleration plus the possible lateral
acceleration due to a bend.
If this resultant is not coplanar to the design of the vehicle frame, the
microprocessor activates a gyroscope. In case of a non-stationary
disequilibrium, this may be sufficient.
However, if we have to struggle against a constant thrust as soon as the
first gyroscope has attained point 1 and during its weighting(balancing?),
the microprocessor activates the second gyroscope and then if necessary
the third gyroscope.
 MEMS-GYROSCOPE

 Smart-phones employ a electronic

stripped down version which
essentially works on the same
concepts, but in a slimmer, meaner
packages.
 A micro-electromechanical system
(MEMS) is an embedded system that
integrates electronic and mechanical
components at a very small scale.
 Picture shows the AGD1 2022
FP6AQ chip found in the iPhone 4 is
a MEMS gyroscope, designed by
STMicroelectronics.
 MEMS-GYROSCOPE

It comprises of of a plate, called the “proof

mass,” that vibrates (oscillates) when a
drive signal is applied to set of drive
capacitor plates. When a user rotates the
phone, the proof mass gets displaced in the
X, Y, and Z directions. A processor senses
the proof mass’ displacement through
capacitor plates located underneath the
proof mass, as well as finger capacitors at
the edges of the package. The V654A ASIC
die converts the tiny capacitive signals from
the GK10A MEMS die into a digital signal
which is fed into the iphone 4. Then this
data is used to steer the wheel of the car in
the Game, etc..
 FIBER-OPTIC GYROSCOPE

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG)

senses changes in orientation,
thus performing the function of a
mechanical gyroscope. However
its principle of operation is
instead based on the interference
of light which has passed through
a coil of optical fiber which can
be as long as 5 km.
 FIBER-OPTIC GYROSCOPE

 OPERATION
Two beams from a laser are injected into the same fiber but in opposite
directions. Due to the Sagnac effect, the beam travelling against the
rotation experiences a slightly shorter path delay than the other beam. The
resulting differential phase shift is measured through interferometry , thus
translating one component of the angular velocity into a shift of the
interference pattern which is measured photo-metrically
 FIBER-OPTIC GYROSCOPE

 ADVANTAGES
 A FOG provides extremely precise rotational rate information, in part
because of its lack of cross-axis sensitivity to vibration, acceleration, and
shock.
 Unlike the classic spinning-mass gyroscope, the FOG has no moving parts
and doesn't rely on inertial resistance to movement. Hence, this is perhaps
the most reliable alternative to the mechanical gyroscope.
 FIBER-OPTIC GYROSCOPE

 APPLICATIONS
 FOGs are used in the inertial
navigation systems of many guided
missiles.
 FOGs can be a navigation aid in
remotely operated vehicles and
autonomous underwater vehicles.