Chapter 6 Lecture

Fundamentals of General,
Organic, and Biological
Chemistry
7th Edition
McMurry, Ballantine, Hoeger, Peterson

Chapter Six
Chemical Reactions:
Mole and Mass Relationships

Julie Klare
Gwinnett Technical College

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• 6.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
• 6.2 Gram–Mole Conversions
• 6.3 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations
• 6.4 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations
• 6.5 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield
 Goals
 1. What is the mole, and why is it useful in
chemistry?  
 Be able to explain the meaning and uses of the mole and Avogadro’s
number.
 2. How are molar quantities and mass quantities
related?
 Be able to convert between molar and mass quantities of an element or
compound.
 3. What are the limiting reagent, theoretical yield,
and percent yield of a reaction?
 Be able to take the amount of product actually formed in a reaction,
calculate the amount that could form theoretically, and express the
results as a percent yield.
6.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
How to balance reactions
by counting molecules
 Counting molecules: Conceptually
• The reactants in a chemical reaction must be
balanced
• One molecule of hydrogen (H2) reacts with
one molecule of iodine (I2), creating two
hydrogen iodide molecules (HI)
• Of course, we can’t visually count molecules to
achieve this one-to-one ratio
• In fact, the only tool available is an analytical
mass balance (using grams!)
 Molecular Weight
• But how do we relate a sample’s mass in grams
to the number of molecules it contains?
• We begin with the concept of ‘molecular
weight’ (molecular mass)
• Let’s start by utilizing the Ch 2 concept of mass
by ‘amu’
– Note: We will be focusing on molecules for a while
• Recall, atomic weight is the average mass of an
element’s isotope atoms (review next slide)

• By analogy, molecular weight (MW) is the

mass of a compound’s molecules

– A molecule’s molecular weight is the sum of the

atomic weights for all the atoms in the molecule

– A salt’s formula weight is the sum of the atomic

weights for all the atoms in the formula unit
 fyi: Atomic Weight Calculation
C-12 is 98.89% of all natural carbon
C-13 is 1.11% of all natural carbon
The mass of C-12 is: 12 amu (by definition)
The mass of C-13 is: 13.003355 amu

Atomic weight =  [(% isotope abundance) × (isotope mass)]

[98.89% x 12 amu] + [1.11% x 13.0034 amu] =

(0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13.0034 amu) = 12.0111

11.8668 0.1443

12.01 amu
 fyi: Disambiguation
• For molecules, these terms are identical
– molar weight
– molar mass
– molecular weight
– molecular mass

• For atoms, these terms are identical

– molar weight
– molar mass
– atomic weight
– atomic mass
 Molecular Weight (Mass):
Mass in grams of one mole of the substance:

Molar Mass of N = 14.01 g/mol

Molar Mass of N2 = 28.02 g/mol

Molar Mass of H2O = 18.02 g/mol

(2 × 1.008 g) + 16.00 g

Molar Mass of Ba(NO3)2 = 261.35 g/mol

137.33 g + (2 × 14.01 g) + (6 × 16.00 g)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

12
reserved
 Molecular weight
• So if the mass (atomic weight) of one atom of
hydrogen (H) is 1.008 amu
– then the mass (molecular weight) of one hydrogen
molecule (H2) is 2.016 amu
• If the atomic weight of one iodine atom (I) is 126.90
amu
– then the molecular weight of one iodine molecule (I2) is
253.80 amu
• Finally, the molecular weight of each HI molecule
must be:
– 1.008 amu + 126.90 amu = 127.91 amu
Counting molecules:
by mass
• Here is where we left our reaction making two
HI molecules from H2 and I2
• We learned in chapter 2 that the iodine atom
(I) is approximately 126 times heavier than the
hydrogen atom (H)
– H = 1.008 amu
– I = 126.90 amu

• So mathematically, it is necessary that the

iodine molecule (I2) is approximately 126 times
heavier than the hydrogen molecule (H2)
– H2 = 2.016 amu
– I2 = 253.80 amu
• Meaning that this reaction is balanced – in amu
units
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)
2.016 amu 253.80 amu
1 : 126

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

17
reserved
• So by the law of identical ratios, this reaction
must also be balanced – in gram units
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)
2.016 grams 253.80 grams Now notice
1 : 126 we have gone
from amu to grams

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

18
reserved
• And again by The Law of Identical Ratios, this
must also be balanced

H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)

1.00 g 126 g

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

19
reserved
 Mass / Number relationship for I2 & H2
• So in order control the number ratio of I2 to H2
molecules at 1:1 we can measure out any of the
following
– so long we keep the mass ratio at 1:126

H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)

2.016 amu 253.80 amu
2.016 g 253.80 g
1.00 g 126 g
0.0079 g 1.0000 g
 But how many molecules is that?
• We know that:
– 2.016 amu of H2 contains one molecule, and
– 253.80 amu of I2 contains one molecule

• Our final question is, how many molecules are

contained in:
– 2.016 g of H2
– 253.80 g of I2
That amount we call The Mole
• A mole is the amount of substance whose
mass in grams is numerically equal to its
molecular weight
– 2.016 g of H2 contains one mole of H2 molecules
– 253.80 g of I2 contains one mole of I2 molecules

• The mole (NA) has now been measured

– One mole of any molecule contains 6.022 × 1023
molecules
– One mole of any salt contains 6.022 × 1023 formula
units
 Getting from amu to grams
• The number ‘126.904,’
typically placed as shown,
functions BOTH:
– as the mass in amu per
atom
– and the mass in grams per
mole of atoms
• So I has a mass of 126.904
grams per mole of I atoms
– I = 126.904 g/mol
The technical definition of a mole
 How many silicon atoms are in 0.532 moles of
silicon?

a. 8.83 × 10−25 atoms

b. 3.81 × 1023 atoms
c. 2.6 × 1023 atoms
d. 3.8 × 1023 atoms

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.2 Gram–Mole Conversions
 fyi: Synonyms
• The terms Molecular Weight (section 6.1) and
Molar Mass (this section – 6.2) are identical
– Also, the term Molecular Mass is allowed
– Also, the term Molar Weight is allowed

• When we defined Molecular Weight in Section

6.1, we had not yet define the Mole
– so you couldn’t have understood the more common
term “Molar” Mass
• The molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol
• So how many moles of water are there in 27
grams?

• Most importantly, molar mass serves as a

conversion factor between numbers of moles
and mass in grams for use in dimensional
analysis
 Worked Example 6.3

Molar Mass: Mole to Gram Conversion

Ibuprofen is a pain reliever used in Advil. Its molecular weight
is 206.3 g/mol.

If a bottle of Advil contain 0.082 mole of ibuprofen, how many

grams of ibuprofen does it contain?
 WORKED EXAMPLE 6.3
Molar Mass: Mole to Gram Conversion (Continued)
We now have the tools to convert:

• grams → moles → number of atoms

• grams → moles → number of molecules
• grams → moles → number of formula units

• And we can go backwards

33
 What is the mass in grams of 3.2 × 1022
molecules of water?

a. 0.0029 g
b. 339 g
c. 0.90 g
d. 0.96 g

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.3 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations

Molar coefficients:
using Mole ratios as
conversion factors
• Coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation tell us the necessary ratio of
moles of reactants
– and how many moles of each product are
formed
• Especially useful, coefficients can be put
in the form of mole ratios
– which act as conversion factors when
setting up dimensional analysis calculations
 Mole to mole
This reaction represents the reaction of A2 (red) with B2
(blue)

a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction

b) How many moles of product can be made from 1.0
mole of A2? From 1.0 mole of B2?
 How many moles of NH3 can be produced from
5.00 moles of H2 according to the following
equation?
N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3
a. 0.67 mol
b. 2.00 mol
c. 3.33 mol
d. 7.50 mol

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.4 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations

Putting it all
together
• The actual amounts of substances used in the
laboratory must be weighed out in grams

• Furthermore, customers generally want the

quantity of product reported in terms of grams
 We already have the necessary tools

• Mass to mole conversions

• Mole to mole conversions
• Mole to mass conversions
• Mole to mole conversions (section 6.3) are carried
out using mole ratios as conversion factors

If you have 9.0 moles of H2, how many moles of NH3 can you make?
• 2) Mole-to-mass and mass-to-mole
conversions (from section 6.2) are carried out
using molar mass as a conversion factor
• 3) Mass to mass conversions cannot be
carried out directly
• If you know the mass
of A and need to find
the mass of B
• first convert the mass
of A into moles of A
• then carry out a mole
to mole conversion to
find moles of B
• then convert moles of
B into the mass of B
• So after collecting the fundamental data, always
follow this three step process for mass to mass
• 1) convert grams of A to moles via molar mass
• 2) convert moles of A to B via mole ratio
• 3) convert mole of B to grams via molar mass
Let’s go back to our hydrogen / iodine
reaction giving hydrogen iodide

47
10.0 grams of HI requires how many grams of H2

I2 = 253.80 g/mol
H2 = 2.016 g/mol
HI = 127.90 g/mol

48
 How many grams of oxygen are needed to react
with 25.0 g of K according to the following
equation?
4 K(s) + O2(g)  2 K2O(s)

a. 10.2 g O2
b. 2.56 g O2
c. 8.66 g O2
d. 5.12 g O2

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.5 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

Vocabulary:
Reactant = Reagent
 limiting reactant (reagent)

• Reactants are not always perfectly balanced

• When running a chemical reaction, we
generally ‘overcharge’ one of the reactants

As our mechanic has ‘overcharged’ tires

 limiting reactant (reagent)

• The limiting reactant is the reactant that runs

out first
• The reactant that never runs out is called the
excess reactant

So which is ‘limiting here?’ Tires or car bodies.

 limiting reactant (reagent)

• In order to make this ‘reaction’ balanced

stoichiometrically, how many tires should our
mechanic actually have on hand?

32 tires would perfectly ‘balance’ this ‘reaction’

• Back to chemistry
A stoichiometric mixture of reactants
contains the relative amounts (in moles) of
reactants that matches the coefficients in the
balanced equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

55
reserved
A stoichiometric mixture of reactants
• Contains the relative amounts (in moles) of
reactants that matches the coefficients in the
balanced equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

56
reserved
 A limiting reactant mixture
on the other hand, contains an excess of one
of the reactants
The other reactant is thus limiting
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

57
reserved
 A limiting reactant mixture
on the other hand, contains an excess of one
of the reactants
The other reactant is thus limiting
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
Which reactant is in
excess in this
reaction mixture?
Which reactant is
limiting?
58
 Definition: Limiting Reactant
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
• The limiting reactant (reagent) is the
reactant that runs out first and thus
constrains (limits) the amounts of
product(s) that can form
 H2 in the previous example is limiting

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

59
reserved
• But the limiting reactant must be
identified before the correct amount of
product can be calculated

2H2 + O2  H2O

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

60
reserved
 Example
10.0 g of Chemical A are reacted with 10.0 g of B

• What information do you need to calculate the mass

of the product (C) that will be produced?
• The mole ratios between A, B, and C
– ie, the balanced reaction equation
• The molar masses of A, B, and C

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights

61
reserved
 Example
10.0 g of Chemical A are reacted with 10.0 g of B

• What information do you need to calculate the mass

of the product (C) that will be produced?
A + 3B  2C
• molar masses:
– A is 10.0 g/mol
– B is 20.0 g/mol
– C is 25.0 g/mol?

62
 Example
10.0 g of Chemical A are reacted with 10.0 g of B

A + 3B  2C
• 1) Convert known masses of reactants to moles

1 mol A
10.0 g A ´ = 1.00 mol A
10.0 g A

1 mol B
10.0 g B ´ = 0.500 mol B
20.0 g B
63
 Example
10.0 g of Chemical A are reacted with 10.0 g of B

A + 3B  2C
• 2) Convert to the number of moles of product

2molC
1.00molA ´ =2.00molC
1molA
2molC
0.500molB ´ =0.333molC
3molB
So B is limiting reactant
64
 Example
10.0 g of Chemical A are reacted with 10.0 g of B

A + 3B  2C
• Choose the least number of moles of product
formed as limiting reactant: B is limiting

2molC
0.500molB ´ =0.333molC
3molB
65
 Example
10.0 g of Chemical A are reacted with 10.0 g of B

A + 3B  2C
• 3) Convert moles of C to grams of C using the molar
mass

25.0 g C
0.333 mol C ´ = 8.33 g C
1 mol C

66
 shortcut to limiting reactant
• How do we determine quickly which reactant is
limiting
– and by deduction, which is in excess?

• Three step program

1 Calculate the number of moles of each reactant
2 divide the number of moles of each reactant by its
coefficient from the balanced equation
3 the reactant with the smaller result is limiting
 If 56 g of K is reacted with 56 g of oxygen gas according to
the equation below, indicate the mass of product that can
be made and identify the limiting reactant.
4 K(s) + O2(g)  2 K2O(s)
K2O = 94.2g/mol

a. 67g K2O; K is the limiting reactant.

b. 270 g K2O; K is the limiting reactant.
c. 270 g K2O; O2 is the limiting reactant.
d. 67g K2O; O2 is the limiting reactant.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Theoretical vs actual yield

• Theoretical Yield
– The maximum amount of a given product that can be
formed once a limiting reactant has been completely
consumed – it is a calculation

• Actual yield
– The amount of product that is actually produced in a
reaction – it is a measurement
– It is usually less than the maximum expected
(theoretical yield)
 FYI
• Theoretical yield is found by using the amount
of limiting reactant calculated in a mass-to-
mass calculation
• For the chemist in the lab, the actual yield is
found by weighing the amount of product
obtained
• Theoretical Yield
– For our auto mechanic, the theoretical yield is 8
finished cars

• Actual yield
– If one car body was damaged beyond repair, the
actual yield would have been 7 finished cars
 • Percent yield is the percent of the theoretical
yield actually obtained from a chemical reaction
actual yield
Percent yield = ´ 100
theoretical yield
• For our car mechanic:

 
 WORKED EXAMPLE 6.8 Percent Yield

The combustion of acetylene gas (C2H2) produces carbon

dioxide and water as indicated in the following reaction
2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

When 26.0 g of acetylene is burned in sufficient oxygen for

complete reaction, the theoretical yield of CO2 is 88.0 g

Calculate the percent yield for this reaction if the actual yield
is only 72.4 g CO2

Analysis—The percent yield is calculated by dividing the actual

yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100

actual yield
Percent yield = ´ 100
theoretical yield
 WORKED EXAMPLE 6.8 Percent Yield (finished)

actual yield
Percent yield = ´ 100
theoretical yield

72.4 g CO 2
´ 100 =82.3%
88.0 g CO 2

 
 WORKED EXAMPLE 6.9 Mass to Mole Conversions:
Limiting Reagent and Theoretical Yield

The element boron is produced commercially by the reaction of

boric oxide with magnesium at high temperature.

B2O3 (l) + 3 Mg (s) → 2 B (s) + 3 MgO (s)

What is the theoretical yield of boron when 2350 g of boric

oxide is reacted with 3580 g of magnesium? The molar
masses of boric oxide and magnesium are 69.6 g/mol and
24.3 g/mol, respectively
WORKED EXAMPLE 6.9 Mass to Mole Conversions:
Limiting Reagent and Theoretical Yield (Continued)
 If 28.56 g of K2O is produced when 25.00 g K is
reacted according to the following equation, what
is the percent yield of the reaction?
4 K(s) + O2(g)  2 K2O(s)

a. 87.54%
b. 95%
c. 94.82%
d. 88%

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Summary
1. What is the mole, and why is it useful in
chemistry?
• A mole refers to Avogadro’s number 6.022 ×
1023 formula units of a substance.
• One mole of any substance has a mass (a
molar mass) equal to the molecular or formula
weight of the substance in grams.
• Because equal numbers of moles contain
equal numbers of formula units, molar masses
act as conversion factors between numbers of
molecules and masses in grams.
2. How are molar quantities and mass
quantities related?
• The coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation represent the numbers of moles of
reactants and products in a reaction.
• The ratios of coefficients act as mole ratios that
relate amounts of reactants and/or products.
• By using molar masses and mole ratios in
factor-label calculations, unknown masses or
molar amounts can be found from known
masses or molar amounts.
3. What are the limiting reagent, theoretical
yield, and percent yield of a reaction?
• The limiting reagent is the reactant that runs
out first.
• The theoretical yield is the amount of product
that would be formed based on the amount of
the limiting reagent.
• The actual yield of a reaction is the amount of
product obtained.
• The percent yield is the amount of product
obtained divided by the amount theoretically
possible and multiplied by 100%.
The official name for what we are doing
is Stoichiometry
 amu to grams

• Recall: in Ch 2 we calculated the masses in amu

needed to balance this reaction
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)
2.016 amu 253.80 amu
– So the mass ratio of I2 to H2 needed is actually: 125.90
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights
83
reserved