The Human Heart Transport System

The structures of the circulatory system and their

functions are uniquely adapted to keep the complex
organisms alive.
For example, the different blood vessels help transport
blood and nutrients to the cells of the body.
The circulatory system supplies gases, nutrients, and
hormones to the different parts of the body and collects
metabolic wastes for acid-base balance and immunologic
reactions.
It is also indispensable in regulating homeostatic
reactions in the body.
Heart
This is a muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts
of the body.
This is one of the organs that develop in an embryo
about four weeks following fertilization.
In an average life span of a person, the heart beats
around 2.5 billion times without interruption.
For every minute, a normal adult heart beats 72 times
and pumps around 5.5 liters of blood.
Your heartbeat can vary depending on your activity.
It can be fast as when you run, or slow as when you
are sleeping.
Heart
The heart can beat three times as fast as the normal
rate during a strenuous exercise or when you get over
excited,
e.g., about 180-195 beats per minute
It is composed of cardiac muscle, an involuntary,
striated type of muscle, with associated nervous and
connective tissues.
An adult heart is about the size of a fist.
It has its own cavity , the pericardial cavity, and is
covered by the percardium.
Heart
A septum divides the heart into two sides.
The right side recieves deoxygenated blood collected
from the different parts of the body, while the left side
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Each side of the heart is chambers are called
ventricles.
One-way valves called atrio-ventricular valves are
located between the upper and lower chambers.
Heart
 The flow of blood to the heart begins with non-oxygenated
blood, which comes from the different parts of the body,
entering the superior and inferior venae cavae (singular,
vena cava) and fill the right atrium.
 This causes the tricuspid valve, found between the right
atrium and right ventricle, to open bringing blood to the
right ventricle.
 This valve closes when blood reaches the right ventricle to
prevent regurgitation.
 From the right ventricle, blood is pumped into the
pulmonary arteries, and then flows to the capillaries of the
air sacs in the lungs.
 Here, blood gives off carbon dioxide and some water and
takes in oxygen.
Heart
 Once oxygenated, the blood flows to the pulmonary veins,
into the left atrium.
 With pressure buildup, the mitral valve, which is located
between the left atrium and left ventricle, opens and
oxygenated blood is pumped into the left ventricle.
 Again, blood fills up this chamber creating an increase in
pressure which initiates the opening of the aortic valve.
 The “lubb dupp” sound that you hear using a stethoscope is
the sound produced by the heart during contraction and
relaxation.
 The “lubb” sound is caused by the closing of the
atrioventricular (AV) valves during ventricular contraction,
forcing blood to the sinoventricular (SV) valves.
Heart
The “dupp” sound is caused by the snapping sound of
the SV valves as blood moves from the ventricles to
the atria.
Systematic circulation begins when oxygenated
blood is delivered from the aorta to the different parts
of the body.
Blood
is the internal circulating medium of the human body.
Other animals have blood, too.
The main function of blood is to carry nutrients and
oxygen to the cells of the body and carry away carbon
dioxide and nitrogenous waste from body cells.
It consists of 55% plasma, the liquid part, and 45%
blood cells or formed elements.
The formed elements are the red blood cells
(erythrocytes), which transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide and white blood cells (leucocytes) which
function for defense and immunity.
Blood
 Blood platelets (thrombocytes) are essential in blood clotting.
 Plasma is composed of water, proteins, electrolytes, and other
substances.
 Proteins are made up of fibrinogen, globulin, and albumin while the
rest is composed of nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones.
 Cells receive nourishment from dissolved substances carried in
plasma.
 These substances include minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and
glucose absorbed during the process of digestion and transported to
the cells.
 It also transports waste materials to the excretory system for
excretion.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels serve as “highways”
through which blood is circulated in the
body.
There are three types of blood vessels
1. arteries;
2. veins;and
3. capillaries.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels serve as “highways”
through which blood is circulated in the
body.
There are three types of blood vessels
1. arteries;
2. veins; and
3. capillaries.
Arteries
 Arteries are thick-walled vessels which
allow the passage of oxygenated blood,
except the pulmonary artery
 Their thick walls help to counteract the
pressure exerted on them by the contraction
of the heart muscles.
 The largest artery in the body is the aorta,
the only artery that leads out of the left
ventricle.
Veins
 Veins are thin-walled vessels
compared to arteries, carry non-
oxygenated blood towards the heart,
except for pulmonary vein.
 There are two large veins in the body;
1. Superior Venae Cavae
2. Inferior Venae Cavae
Capillaries
 The abundant microscopic blood vessels
that carry blood throughout the tissues
and organs, connecting the small veins
and arteries, are called capillaries.
 These are very thin (made up of only one
layer of cells) blood vessels, serves as
sites through which materials between
the blood and cells are exchanged.
Capillaries
 Capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels
 Because they are very thin, diffusion of
materials across their walls readily takes
place.
 Capillaries, which link an artery to a vein,
also supplies the brain with oxygen which
keeps a person conscious.
 This is a continuous cyclic process for as
long as the person lives.
Valves
 Valves are flaps of tissues that prevent the
backward flow or regurgitation of blood.
 These are located between the atrium and
ventricle, and at the base of arteries that are
attached to the heart.
 The closure of the valves create the heart
sounds heard during auscultation, a medical
terms for the act of listening to internal sound
of the body that usually uses a stethoscope.
Valves
 Can also be found in large veins along the
lower extremities to prevent the backward
flow of blood.
 The heart vales are the bicuspid, tricuspid,
and aortic valves.
Patterns of Circulation
 William Harvey was the first person
to show that the heart and blood
vessels form a continuous, closed type
of circulation.
 Generally, blood circulation in the
body can be divided into two:
1. Pulmonary Circulation
2. Systemic Circulation
Patterns of Circulation
 Pulmonary circulation is the movement of
blood from the heart to the lungs, and back
to the heart.
 Systemic circulation follows pulmonary
circulation.
 Once blood is in the aorta of the heart, it
will move out of the heart to be circulated to
all parts of the body and other subsystems
like the coronary circulation.
Patterns of Circulation
 These subsystem supplies blood to the heart
itself.
 As an organ, the heart needs to be supplied
with blood, too.
 There are two coronary arteries that branch off
from aorta and transport blood to the arterioles
that penetrate the tissues of the heart.
 From here, blood returns to the right atrium
through the coronary sinus, a large vessel.
Patterns of Circulation
 If a vessel from the heart is blocked, it could lead
to heart attack, or myocardial infarction.
 Renal circulation is another subsystem that moves
blood through the kidneys and back to the heart.
 There are two renal arteries that branch out to the kidneys
and supply them with blood.
 In turn, the kidneys filter the blood of nitrogenous waste
materials.
Summary
 Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
and metabolic waste need to be transported to the
different parts of the body.
 In simple organisms, exchange happens directly
between the cell and its environment.
 The two main types of circulation are open circulation
and closed circulation.
 In an open circulation, the blood or circulating fluid or
hemolymph does not pass through enclosed tubes;
instead, it is pumped by the heart to a network of
channels and cavities (hemocoels) throughout the body.
Summary
 In a closed circulation, the blood or circulating fluid passes
within the blood vessels that transport blood away from and
back to the heart.
 The components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood,
blood vessels, and valves.
 The human heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to all
parts of the body.
 Blood is the internal circulating medium of the human body.
 Blood vessels serve as “highways” through which blood is
circulated in the body.
 The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
Summary
 Valves are flaps of tissue that prevent the backward flow or
regurgitation of blood.
 Blood circulation in the body can be divided into two:
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
 Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the
heart to the lungs, and back to the heart.
 Systemic circulation follows pulmonary circulation. Once
blood is in aorta of the heart, blood will move out of the
heart to be circulated to all parts of the body and other
subsystems.
 Coronary circulation involves blood circulation within the
heart muscles.