Lecture 5

Sociology
Feedback on Quiz 1 & allocation
of topics for final project
 Class presentations
(Bring laptops & internet devices)
Next week
• Title page
• Introduction
• What is the issue?
• Who does this issue affect?
• Where is this issue?
• History
• What background and context should readers know about the issue?
• What are some events that brought this issue to public attention?
• Methodology
• Details of research methods (use at least two methods)
• How research methods were used?
• Role of each group member.
• Findings
• Findings of interviews
• Findings of survey
• Recommendations
• Suggestions by group members
• Plagiarism report
• Appendix
• Attach questionnaire
• Attach supporting evidences e.g. pictures
Elements of Culture
1. Values and beliefs

2. Norms

3. Symbols and Language

 Values and Beliefs
• Values are a culture’s standard for discerning
what is good and just in society.

• Beliefs are the convictions that people hold to

be true.
 2. Norms
• Norms define how to behave in accordance
with what a society has defined as good, right,
and important, and most members of the
society adhere to them.

1. Formal Norms
2. Informal Norms
• Formal norms are established, written
guidelines.
• Informal Norms are learned through
observation and socialization.
 3. Symbols and Language
• Symbols—such as gestures, signs, objects,
signals, and words—help people understand
the world.
 Language
• Language is a symbolic system through which
people communicate and through which
culture is transmitted.

• Verbal Communication (Oral or written)

• Non-verbal communication (Gestures, body

language)
• The gesture of giving gifts.

• In an area of Turkey, nodding the head up and

down means “NO”.

• Share one interesting example!

 Xenocentrism

Cultural
Relativism

Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
• Cultural Shock

• Often, we express disgust at other cultures’

cuisine. Such attitudes are an example of
ethnocentrism.

• Ethnocentrism involves a belief or attitude that

one’s own culture is better than all others.
 Xenocentrism
• Xenocentrism is the opposite of
ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that
another culture is superior to one’s own. (The
Greek root word xeno, pronounced “ZEE-no,”
means “stranger” or “foreign guest.”)
• Pride in one’s own culture doesn’t have to
lead to imposing its values on others.

• An appreciation for another culture shouldn’t

preclude individuals from studying it with a
critical eye.
 Cultural Relativism
• Cultural relativism is the
practice of assessing a
culture by its own
standards rather than
viewing it through the
lens of one’s own
culture.
What is Cultural diversity?
 Go through the magazines/newspapers/web
and discuss three recent challenges of cultural
diversity (after the CPEC) in light of the
concept of ethnocentrism/ xenocentrism.
Hofstadter Cultural Model