Week 5 Env and Business

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY
WEEK 5
ENVIRONMENTAL AND BUSINESS
© LMS SEGi education group 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Describe environment as an important issue for the

strategic management process.
 Define environmental indicator and environmental
indices.
 List of methods for sampling and analysis of
contaminated soil, air and water.
 Explain trade barrier.
 Describe corporate "greening" process.
Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Student is able to describe the environment as an

important issue for the strategic management process.
 Student is able to explain what is trade barrier.
 Student is able to describe corporate "greening" process.

ENVIRONMENT AS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE FOR
THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS –
CONT’
 Function of EMS
 On-going process of formulating, implementing and controlling
broad plans guide the organizational in achieving the strategic
goods given its internal and external environment.
 To prevent pollution at the source
 To achieve continual improvement of the environmental
performance of the organization

THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS
 Threats to business and society

 Exploitation and decimation of our natural environment
 Agriculture production
 Environmental disasters
 Health problems
 Legal matters

THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS –
CONT’
 Advantages to business and society
 Sustainable use of natural resources – sustainable business
 Minimize environmental risk and liabilities – less pollutions,
retain competent human resource
 Environmental restoration
 Better living quality

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND
INDICES
 Environmental indicators
 Parameters that describe the state of the environment with a
significance extending beyond that usually associated with a
parameter value
 Quantitative measure against some aspects of policy
performance can be assessed.
 E.g. number of earth worms in soil (soil quality), total suspended
particulate concentration (air quality), number of salmon in water
(water quality), lichens (air quality), etc.
7
Last Updated:April 14, 2021 7
INDICES – CONT’
 Example
 Lichen on apple tree is a bio-indicator of air pollution
Q  f 

1
 Index of air purity =
n
10
where
n = number of species at the site
f = frequency (cover) of species
Q= mean number of other species growing in that area
8
INDICES – CONT’
 Environmental indices
 A set of aggregated or weighted indicators
 Used to monitor pollution, changes in biotic communities,
environmental standards or quality of the environment
 Types of environmental indices
 Simple ratios - percentage
 Scoring system – biotic score, give score to different types of organism
in a community
 Composite indices- concentration of various contaminants are score
and added together e.g. water quality index and air pollution index
9
INDICES – CONT’
 Simple ratios – percentage

 Ratio between prey and predator
(indication for food chain)
 Ratio between vegetation coverage area
and CO2 removal
10
INDICES – CONT’
 Scoring system – biotic score, give score to different types
of organism in a community
 For example, strong survival species i.e. cockroaches and
rat has the lowest value while weak/sensitive species i.e.
panda has higher value (panda can’t live outside of
bamboo sanctuary).
11
Biotic score
12
INDICES – CONT’
 Composite indices- concentration of various contaminants
are score and added together e.g. water quality index and
air pollution index
 For example, air pollution index include measurement of
NO2, SO2, CO, particulate matters and ozone.
13
14
15
16
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
CONTAMINATED SOIL
 Principles underlying a risk-based approach to site assessment and
management are:
 Decision based mainly on protection of human health or the
environment
 Activities performed should focus on collecting relevant information
required to determine the likely health and environmental impact
associated with the site
 There is need to appropriately allocate resources due to limited
available resource
17
CONTAMINATED SOIL – CONT’
 Three stages of assessment activities:

 Initial assessment
 to identify any potential presence of subsurface
environmental impacts based on a defined assessment
protocol/procedure
 Detailed assessment
 soil and groundwater investigation process that aims to
determine if the subsurface environmental media is impacted
18
 Three stages of assessment activities (cont’):

 Risk assessment
 Process of estimating the potential impact of a contaminant on an
ecosystem or human population under a specific set of conditions.
 Tier 1 – non-site specific risk calculation
 Tier 2 – site specific risk assessment based upon simple fate and
transport models
 Tier 3 – sophisticated site specific risk assessment based upon
highly technical fate and transport models
19
 Soil sampling
 Systematic grid – applicable during delineation assessment
where quantification of subsurface contamination is required
 Random – most suitable during baseline environmental site
assessment for lands which are not identified with any onsite or
offsite sources of contamination
 Judgmental – most appropriate when site information is known
or is suspected to be limited to a specific area
20
 Soil analysis
 Based in the objectives of the assessment and should be
performed in accordance with recognized methods such as
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and
American Public Health Association Standard (APHA) Methods
 Field and analytical results – physical characteristics of the soil
(variation with depth) i.e. porosity and density, moisture content,
organic carbon content and toxicity
21
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AIR
 Air pollution monitoring system include

 Collection or sampling of pollutants both from the
ambient air and from specific sources
 Analysis or measurement of the pollutants
concentrations
 Reporting and usage of the information collected
22
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AIR –
CONT’
 Emission data collected from point sources are

used to
 Determine compliance with air pollution regulations
 Determine effectiveness of air pollution control
technology
 Evaluate production efficiencies
 Support scientific research
23
CONT’
 Methods for air sampling can be either manual or automated.
 Manual methods – specific techniques that must be followed when
collecting and analyzing an air pollutant sample
 Automated methods – instrument used for data collection and
analysis of a pollutant usually on continuous basis
 Concentration of pollutant is expressed in terms of mass per unit
volume, usually micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) or parts per
million (ppm)
24
CONT’
 Analysis of air quality

 Noxious and offensive substances i.e. particulate matters,
carbon monoxide, nitric acid, ozone, sulphurous acid
 Metal compounds in gas emission i.e. lead, arsenic, zinc,
mercury etc
 Color – refer to Ringelmann Smoke Chart
 Offensive odors
25
Ringelmann smoke chart
26
TYPES OF AIR SAMPLERS
27
TYPES OF AIR SAMPLERS – CONT’
28
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF WATER
 Some of the parameters used

 Turbidity
 Color
 Odors
 pH
 Conductivity
 Oxygen concentration
 Pesticide
 Pathogen
29
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF WATER –
CONT’
 Materials used for surface water sampling

 Most surface water samples are collected by filling any clean
one-litre glass containers with foil-lined caps.
 pH meters are needed if documenting the acidity of the sample
is desired
 Equipment for measuring discharge and velocity of moving water
bodies i.e. flow meter
 Hand pumps can be useful for sampling water profiles
30
THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT
 Technical barrier to trade

 Without an ISO 14001 certificate, one might not be eligible to
engage in export and international bidding
 Buyers from developed countries often request from their
supplier(s) evidence of the environmentally friendly operation of
the corporation
 For example, the request has been a norm for the electronic
component suppliers in Korea.

ENVIRONMENT – CONT’
 Technical barrier to trade (cont’)

 Request for qualification in international bidding projects often
include evidence of the EMS in place by bidder.
 An ISO 14001 certificate is the only acceptable evidence.
 This is the reason why most construction and engineering
companies in Korea obtained ISO 14001 certification as soon as
the standard became official in September 1996.

THE CORPORATE "GREENING" PROCESS AND
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT MODELS

Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
 Strategy used in Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development countries to achieve waste prevention and reduction,
and increased use of recycled materials in production.
 Extend the responsibilities assigned to the producers and
distributors in the past to include responsibilities for the
management of the product at the after-use stage
 E.g. electric/electronic products, packaging, automobiles, waste
papers and motor oils.

Green purchasing network (GPN) (1)
 Countries actively involved : Japan, Korea, Taiwan,

China and Thailand
 Pursuing – Malaysia, Philippines and India
 Goals of environmental labeling and declarations is to
encourage the demand for and supply of products and
services that cause less stress on the environment

 Green purchasing require the public, government and

business to consider
 The necessity of purchasing
 The environmental impact of the products and services at all
stages of their life cycles before making the decision to purchase

 It is about buying products and services that after

consumption are recyclable or reusable – waste
minimization
 Additionally, involved green technology that use minimal
energy e.g. renewable energy technologies

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (1)
 Concept whereby companies integrate economy, social

and environmental concerns in their business operations
and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a
voluntary basis
 Intrinsically linked to the concept of sustainable
development
 E.g. tree planting activities, wildlife conservation, recycling,
river conservation, etc

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (2)
 Advantages
 Corporate branding – Positive publicity
 Easier to recruit and retain competence human
resources
 Part of continuing process of building long term
values – with suppliers and customers
 Differentiate yourself from other competitors

KEY TERMS
 Environmental indicators – Parameters that describe the state of the

environment with a significance extending beyond that usually
associated with a parameter value
 Environmental indices – A set of aggregated or weighted indicators
 Baseline data – Initial data
 Toxicity - The quality, relative degree, or specific degree of being
toxic or poisonous
 Turbidity – cloudiness or muddiness of water sample
41
KEY TERMS
 EMS – Environmental Management System

 OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
 EPR – Extended Producer Responsibilities
 GPN – Green Purchasing Network
 CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility

REFERENCES
 Sheldon, C. ed. (2007). ISO14001 and Beyond:

Environmental Management Systems in the Real World.
London, Greenleaf Pub.
 Gilbert, M. and Gould, R. (1998). Achieving
Environmental Standards, 2nd ed. Pitman Pub.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

© LMS SEGi education group 1

 Describe environment as an important issue for the

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 2

 Student is able to describe the environment as an

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 3

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 4

 Threats to business and society

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 5

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 6

n = number of species at the site

f = frequency (cover) of species

Q= mean number of other species growing in that area

 Simple ratios – percentage

 Three stages of assessment activities:

 Three stages of assessment activities (cont’):

 Air pollution monitoring system include

 Emission data collected from point sources are

 Analysis of air quality

 Some of the parameters used

 Materials used for surface water sampling

© LMS SEGi education group 31

 Technical barrier to trade

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 32

 Technical barrier to trade (cont’)

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 33

© LMS SEGi education group 34

 Strategy used in Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 35

 Countries actively involved : Japan, Korea, Taiwan,

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 36

 Green purchasing require the public, government and

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 37

 It is about buying products and services that after

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 38

 Concept whereby companies integrate economy, social

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 39

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 40

 Environmental indicators – Parameters that describe the state of the

 EMS – Environmental Management System

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 42

 Sheldon, C. ed. (2007). ISO14001 and Beyond:

Last Updated:April 14, 2021 © LMS SEGi education group 43

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