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Principle of ladder method: To prove that P(n) is true for all positive integers n
including zero, where P(n) is a propositional function, we complete two steps:
Step 2: We suppose that the function is true for some n=k, that is, we assume
that P(k) is true.
The formal form of the ladder method: ( P(1st) ^ ∀K(P(Kth) ⇾ P(K+1)th) ) ⇾ ∀nP(n)
Proof By Ladder Method
Example 1:
Proof By Ladder Method
LHS = 1
1+2+3+4+ … +k = k(k+1)/2
Step 3: Now Let us prove that the expression is also true for n = k+1
= (k + 1)[(k + 1)+ 1] / 2
Proof By Ladder Method
k (k + 1) / 2 + (k + 1) = [k ( k + 1) + 2 ( k + 1)] / 2 = (k + 1)(k + 2) / 2
Example 2:
Proof By Ladder Method
Base Case: If n = ?
Proof By Ladder Method
Step 1: If n = 0,
LHS = 20 = 1
1+ 2+ 22 + 23 + 24 + … + 2k = 2k + 1 - 1
Put n = k + 1
LHS = 1+ 2+ 22 + 23 + 24 + … + 2k + 2k + 1
The given expression is true with n=0 and if true for n=k, it is true for n = k + 1.
Class activity
Question 1:
12 + 22 + 32 + … + n2 = ⅙(n)(n+1)(2n+1)