STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BDA 10903
CHAPTER 1 – Part 2

STRESS AND
STRAIN
Contents

1. Normal Strain under Axial Loading

2. Stress-strain diagram
3. Deformations under Axial Loading
4. Statistically indeterminate problems
5. Thermal stress
6. Poisson ratio
7. Generalised Hooke’s Law
8. Shear Strain
9. Relation Among E, v, and G
 1.6 Normal Strain under Axial
Loading
When loads are applied to a body, some deformation will occur resulting to a
change in dimension.
Consider a bar, subjected to axial tensile loading force, F. If the bar
extension is dl and its original length (before loading) is L, then tensile
strain is:

dl
  normal strain
L

F F
L dl
Normal Strain
Normal Strain (ε) = Change in Length
Original Length
As strain is a ratio of lengths, it is dimensionless.

Similarly, for compression by amount, dl:

Compressive strain = - dl/L
Note: Strain is positive for an increase in
dimension and negative for a reduction in
dimension.

P
  stress
A

  normal strain
L
 Example 11
Determine the corresponding strain for a bar of length
L=0.6m and uniform cross section which undergoes a
deformation =15010-6m.
1.7 Stress-strain diagram
 Stress-Strain Diagrams

• A-B = elastic • Point D= ultimate stress Modulus Young – elastic 

E
• Point B = linear limit • Point E = fracture zone 

• Point C = upper yield

point
 The Stress-Strain Diagram
 Tensile test is an experiment to determine the load-
deformation behavior of the material.
 Data from tensile test can be plot into stress and strain
diagram.
 Example of test specimen
- note the dog-bone geometry
Universal Testing Machine - equipment used to subject a specimen
to tension, compression, bending, etc. loads and measure its response
 1.8 Deformations under Axial Loading

• From Hooke’s Law:

 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
 
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section
or material properties,
PL
  i i
i Ai Ei
11
4.1 Elastic deformation
 Sign Convention
Sign Forces Displacement
Positive (+) Tension Elongation
Negative (−) Compression Contraction

12
4.1 Elastic deformation
Example 12
Example 13
1.9 Statistically indeterminate problems
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
• A structure will be statically indeterminate
whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.
• Redundant reactions are replaced with
unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.
• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant
reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.

  P B  0 (Compatibility equation)

15
 Example 14
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

• Consider the reaction at B as redundant,

release the bar from that support, and solve
for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads.
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the
redundant reaction at B.
• Require that the displacements due to the
loads and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be
zero.
• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied
loads and the reaction found at B.
Solution
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1  0 P2  P3  600 103 N P4  900  103 N

A1  A2  400  10 6 m 2 A3  A4  250  10 6 m 2

L1  L2  L3  L4  0.150 m

Pi Li 1.125  109
L   
A
i i iE E

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1  P2   RB
A1  400 106 m 2 A2  250 10 6 m 2
L1  L2  0.300 m

δR  
Pi Li P1 L1 P2 L2
  
1.95 103  RB
i Ai Ei A1 E1 A2 E2 E
Solution

• Require that the displacements due to the loads and

due to the redundant reaction be compatible,
  L R  0

  
 
1.125  109 1.95  103 RB
0
E E
RB  577 103 N  577 kN

• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the

reaction at B
 F  0  R  300 kN  600 kN  577 kN
y A

R A  323 kN
Example 15
Example
Example 16
Example
 1.10 Thermal stress
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
 T    T  L P 
AE
  thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
PL   T   P  0
  T  L  0
AE
P   AE  T 
P
    E   T 
23 A
4.3 Thermal Stress
Example 17
Example 18
Examples
Note:Can use either AB or BC to find the deflection in B. The answer
will be the same
 PBC LBC
B   LBC BC (T )
ABC E BC
=-0.500 mm
Exercises
Exercises
 Exercise
A rod consisting of two cylindrical portions
AB and BC is restrained at both ends. Portion
AB is made of steel ( Es = 200 GPa, αs = 11.7 x
10-6 / ºC ) and portion BC is made of brass
(Eb = 120 GPa, αb = 18.7 x 10-6 / ºC ). Knowing
that the rod is initially unstressed, determine :

(a) the normal stresses induced in portions AB

and BC by a temperature rise of 18ºC,
(b) the corresponding deflection of point B.

30
4.3 Thermal Stress
1.11 Poisson ratio

• For a slender bar subjected to axial

loading: x
 
x    0
y z
E

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic
 (no directional
  0 dependence),
y z
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as
lateral strain y 
   z
axial strain x x
 Example 19
A 10 cm diameter steel rod is loaded with 862 kN by tensile forces.
Knowing that the E=207 GPa and = 0.29, determine the deformation
of rod diameter after being loaded.

 in rod, =

Axial strain,

Lateral strain,
1.12 Generalised Hooke’s Law

• For an element subjected to multi-axial

loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components may be
determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
• With these restrictions:
 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
  y  z
z   x  
E E E
 1.13 Shear Strain

Ф
L

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will deform into a

rhomboid. Shear strain is defined as change of angle of side faces
that originally perpendicular to each other.
The shear strain,  (gamma) is given as:

x
 tan 
For small  , 
L

It is dimensionless and is measured in

radians.
Shear strain

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is

similar the previous plots of normal stress vs.
normal strain except that the strength values
are approximately
 G  half.
G  For small
 G strains,
xy xy yz yz zx zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear

modulus.
1.14 Relation Among E, v, and G

• An axially loaded slender bar will

elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as
in top figure will deform into a
rectangular parallelepiped. The axial
load produces a normal strain.
• If the cubic element is oriented as in
the bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a
• shear strain. of normal and shear strain
Components
are related,
G
E
2(1   )
Example 19
Example 20
Examples
Example 21