Transportation Planning

Lecture 23
Transportation Planning

OUTLINE OF REVIEW
1. TERMS & CONCEPTS
2. HISTORY
3. TRANSPORT PLANNING
PROCESS/4-STEP MODEL
4. CAPACITY ANALYSIS
5. TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
6. MITIGATING CONGESTION
7. TRANSPORT POLICY
8. REFERENCES
 Transportation Planning
•The process of understanding, assessing and designing transport systems to
provide for safe and efficient movement of people, goods, and services in
an environmentally responsible manner
•It is a way to guide land use and control of growth patterns

Different patterns of land development result in varying demands for transportation; conversely, transportation
system configuration influences the pattern of land development
Transportation is the result of derived demand attributable to the need for goods and services in specific places at
specific times
Is concerned with
‣ safety: reduction of fatalities, injuries, and property damage due to accidents
‣ efficiency: optimal allocation of resources in moving people and goods
‣ access: provision of enabling technologies and services to people that need to reach and use opportunities
‣ comfort: travel in environments without causing unnecessary stress and strain due to noise or other factors
‣ environmental pollution reduction: elimination of contaminants in the air, water or soil that are at higher levels than
naturally found and that cause harm to animals, plants and humans
 Transport and Land Use Interactions & Connections

Models are the basic tools of analysis for planners

engaged in the fields of transportation and land The more dispersed the city, the higher the levels of automobile dependency, the
use forecasting lesser the alternative for ordinary residents
History of Transportation Planning
•Riseof automobile in the early 20th century
•Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1916, which allocated funds for road-building

•Rapkin (1954) developed transport and land use study

Chicago Area Transportation Study (1955) began and the standard for future
urban transportation studies.
‣CATS used a basic six-step procedure pioneered in Detroit: data collection,
forecasts, goal formulation, preparation of network proposals, testing of
proposals, and evaluation of proposals
•Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956

‣ required transportation projects in urbanized areas of 50,000 or more

in population be based on an urban transportation planning process
‣ provided construction standards and maximum sizes and weights of
vehicles that could operate on the system
 Contributors of Transport Planning

People Contribution

Robert Garin & Ira Lowry Robert Garin-Ira Lowry Metropolitan Transport Planning Model (1964)

‣ Mono-Centric Star Model

Homer Hoyt ‣ ideal transport plan of a unicentric city with multiple “rings of mobility”
‣ “land use follows transport same way as population follows roads”

‣ Advanced the concept of (TOD) as a model of urban and suburban growth and as an
environmental approach to community development and urban design
‣ wrote “The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream”
(1993)
Peter Calthorpe ‣ co-founder of the Congress for New Urbanism

Wesley Mitchell Penn-Jersey growth model

Rapkin Transport is a function of land use

‣ Gyratory traffic scheme in Paris (1906)

Eugene Henard ‣ should be 8 meters in diameter
‣ Place Charles de Gaulle: 1st French gyratory
Robert Garin-Ira Lowry
Metropolitan Transport Planning Model (1964)

First recognized operational land use model

Homer Hoyt
Mono-Centric Star Model

Ideal transport plan of a uni-centric city with multiple ‘Rings of Mobility’

Peter Calthorpe
Transit-Oriented Development

Calthorpe emphasized the relationship between land

use, transportation, and community design

4 Types of Roads:
‣ Transit Boulevards: form the heart of the network; broken into
separate lanes of traffic for separate uses - light rail or Bus Rapid
Transit (BRT) at the center and smaller lanes for automobile traffic
with wide pedestrian walkways along each side ‣ Avenues: roads that intersect transit boulevards and throughways
‣ Throughways: limited access roads for long trips and truck ‣ Connectors: local circulation between neighborhoods, direct access to local
traffic community centers; to disperse traffic and relieve congestion in avenues
Transport Planning:
Conventional vs. New Paradigm

Conventional New Paradigm

Almost exclusively auto-oriented approach Minimize motorized transport

Build more and/or expand roads and other measures

Design self-contained integrated communities
independent of meaningful land use

Address problems through understanding and control of behavioral

factors, increasing cycling, walking, and pedestrian movement to
Traffic and parking problems can be solved by
improve health of citizens
engineering measures, on the assumption that society
‣ reduced congestion
has the obligation to accommodate motorized traffic
‣ reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission
growth
‣ reduced Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT)
‣ reduced Single-Occupant Vehicle (SOV)
Transport Planning Process

Time Frame Geographic Coverage Transportation Mode

Short-term Urban Level Land Transport

Medium-term District Level Water Transport
Long-term Regional Level Air Transport
 Transport Planning Process Phases
Preparation of land use, transport and travel inventories of the study area
Analysis of present land use and travel characteristics
Forecast of land use and travel characteristics
Development of Land Use Allocation and Travel Demand Models
Setting of goals and formulation of transport alternatives designed to accommodate the projected travel
demands and land use changes
•Plan Synthesis and Forecast

•Evaluation

•Testing and evaluation of alternative transport plans

•Plan Adoption and Implementation

•Continuing Study
 Travel Demand
•Refers to person-trips and goods movement generated by •Person Trip Attributes
and attracted to a site
Trip purpose
•Expressed as
Time of the Day of the trip
Person Trips Trip Origin
Commodity Trips, or •Trip Destination
Vehicle Trips Travel Mode
•Considered as Derived Demand
Travel Route
Trip Frequency
•Commodity Trips Attributes

Handling
Volume
Packaging
Storage
Weight
Shell-life
Classical Four-Step Model of Transport Planning
integrated with Land Use
 Trip Generation
•How many person-trips?
•Trip: one-way movement from a point of origin to a point of destination
•Trips can be classified by:
Purpose (work, school, shop, etc.)
Time of Day (am, pm, peak, off-peak)
Person Type (income, car ownership, family size,
accessibility, etc.)
•the estimated trips produced and attracted as a result of the development
•Personal Trip Production: income, car ownership, household structure,
family size, land value, residential density, accessibility
•Personal Trip Attraction: roofed space, zonal employment, accessibility
measure
•Freight Trip Production and Attraction: number of employees, amount
of sales, roofed area of firm, total area of firm
•using Traffic Generation Parameters, the AM and PM peak hour vehicle
trips can be computed per land use
•vehicle trip generation by land use is expressed in PCUs/hour
 Trip Distribution
•Where are they going?
•Prediction of Origin-Destination (O-D) flow
•The generated trips are distributed through an
approximation of direction from where the generated
trips will be coming from going to in relation to the
development;
•Considers the following:
entry & exit points
existing and planned roads
possible ingress/egress routes to/from major
directions
•These routes and trip distribution, together with trips
generated and traffic volumes, the new traffic volumes
with Project can be computed
•Gravity Model is the most popular method
 O-D Matrix
•Nodes representing zonal centroids are being
paired by a link to represent an Origin-
Destination (O-D) pair
•Links of varying thickness and colors
represent values of person trips coming from
one zone going to another
 Gravity Model

The interaction between two locations declines with increasing (distance, time, and cost) between them, but is positively
associated with the amount of activity at each location (Isard, 1956)
 Modal Split
•What mode of transport are they using?
•Analyzes the mode of transport being used
•Behavioral

•Models predict the percentages of flow which will use of

the modes (e.g. LRT, bus, jeepney, car, walk, etc.) that are
available for travel between each O-D pair
•Use of Stated Preference surveys
•Utility function (travel time, fare, etc.)
 Trip Assignment
•The modeling stage that places the O-D flows for each
mode on the specific routes of travel through the
respective model networks
•Trip distribution and assignment of site traffic on the
transportation system
•Person-trips
or goods movement trips become
occupancy or usage of transport modes
•Transportation Network is generated using different sets
of links and nodes
•TrafficFlow can be represented by varying link
thickness
•Trip Assignment Methods
All-or-Nothing (AON) assignment
Equilibrium assignment (approximation)
Capacity Restraint
Transit assignment method

- Blue links: road sections

- Green links: rail segments
- Red links: critical road; main thoroughfares
 Capacity Analysis
•Refers
to the maximum hourly number of
persons or vehicles that may traverse a point or a
uniform section of a facility
•Based on a reasonable expectancy, this is not
absolute, but specific to a given time period under
particular facility, traffic and control conditions
•Hierarchy of roads
•Passenger Car Units (PCU)
•Level of Service (LOS)
•Factorsaffecting Capacity
Facility-related
‣ Individual roads: width, pavement type,
structures alongside, land use
‣ Intersections: type of control, physical
arrangement
‣ Networks: relative locations of nodes and
links, manner of interconnection
‣Traffic-related
‣ User behavior (car-following behavior)
‣ Type of vehicle (car, truck)
‣ Time of demand concentration (peak hours)
‣Control-related
‣ Type of control (unsignalized or signalized
intersection)
‣ Appropriateness of design to facilities and
users
Road Hierarchy and Capacity
•Road Hierarchy By Function •Road Hierarchy by Administrative Category
Arterial Primary/National Highway
Collector Secondary Road (Provincial/inter-LGU)
Distributor Local (City/Municipal Streets)
Capillary

Road Capacity for Multi-Lanes

Passenger Car Units (PCU)
•Traffic volume is usually expressed in PCU
•PCU: vehicle unit for expressing highway capacity

1 car is a single unit Type PCU Value

a motorcycle or a tricycle is a fraction of car unit
Car 1.0
a bus is more than twice a car unit, causes inconvenience because
of its large size Jeepney 1.4 or 1.5
•High PCU: peak of traffic
Bus 2.2 or 2.5

Truck 2.2

Tricycle 0.75

Motorcycle 0.25
Level of Service (LOS)

Traffic Flow Condition

LOS V/C Ratio

A 0.0-0.20 Free Flow

A B C
B 0.21-0.44 Stable Flow

C 0.45-0.69 Stable Flow

D 0.70-0.84 Unstable Flow

E 0.85-1.00 Unstable Flow

D E F
F 1.00 Forced Flow
Rate of quality of operation of roads and intersections describing the interaction between traffic volume and capacity
Volume (V): actual number of vehicles passing through a specific road section or intersection
Road Capacity (C) or Supply: maximum number of vehicles per unit time such that there is uninterrupted traffic flow
V/C Ratio
‣ Low V/C value, high LOS or high efficiency of the road/intersection
‣ High V/C value, low LOS or low efficiency of the road/intersection
 TIA (Traffic Impact Assessment)
•TIA: process of assessing and analyzing traffic impacts of urban and regional developments
•Big developments such as malls, housing, schools and commercial establishments have significant traffic impacts on the area where
they are located
•TIA aims to:
identify the traffic impacts of a particular development project
assess and analyze these impacts
identify mitigating measures to address these impacts

•TIA is required:
when proposed development size has magnitude equal or exceeding
threshold value
traffic generation: new number of vehicle trips during peak hours > 100
significantly-sized projects
modifications to public roadway
high traffic impact area (high congestion, high accident prone)
parking deficiency
zoning applications invoking Deviation Clause (Exception/Variance)
re-classification: when a change in land use is intended
 5 Steps of TIA Study
•Determine if a particular urban development
project warrants the conduct of a TIA
•Conduct traffic impact analysis
•Identify the menu of transportation and
traffic schemes and measures to alleviate the
traffic impacts of the development project.
•Develop institutional mechanisms on how
the traffic schemes and measures will be
implemented
•Prepare TIA Report
TIA Report Outline

Introduction •Demand Estimates

‣ Study Objective Summary of Development Profile
‣ Study Framework and Methodology Traffic Generation Parameters (from Institute of Transport
‣ Study Period and Traffic Engineers or ITTE Manual; or other database)
Profile of the Study Area Trip Generation
‣ Project Location & Development Plan Trip Distribution
‣ Land Use Characteristics within the project area Forecasted LOS
The Present Situation ‣ Without the project
‣ Traffic Database ‣ With the project - do nothing
‣ Road Structure ‣ With the project - do something
‣ Traffic Characteristics
Hourly vehicular volume in PCUs
Vehicle composition
‣ Traffic Conditions/Level of Congestion
Mitigating Traffic Congestion
•Issues on traffic congestion can be categorized into:
Technical and Physical (type of street, presence of traffic
lights/signs)
Administrative and Enforcement (traffic rules and regulations)
LGU/Barangay concerns (ordinances)
•Mitigating measures consist of Soft and Hard Schemes

•Soft measures include

Change system capacity (supply) to meet demand; OR
Travel Demand Management (TDM) schemes
Change demand to meet system capacity
Land Use Controls
Traffic Management Schemes or Transport System
Management (TSM)
•Hard measures are physical improvements to existing
transportation infrastructure and facilities
 Travel Demand Management (TDM)
•TDM is the art of influencing travel behavior in order to reduce or redistribute
travel demand
•Relieve congestion thru:
actions that promote alternatives to automobile use
actions that encourage more efficient use of alternative transport
systems
actions that discourage automobile use

• To reduce the number of vehicles that use highway facilities,

while providing a variety of mobility options, thru:
Traffic Constraint Techniques
Peak-Period Dispersion Techniques
Ride-Sharing Techniques
Parking Control Techniques
Land Use Control Techniques
 TDM: Traffic Constraint Techniques
TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

Traffic restriction in residential Employ on-street parking control, street closure, road hump, elimination of curb, etc., to improve residential
areas environment.

Odd and even numbers Vehicles with odd registered numbers are not permitted to enter controlled area during the odd working days, and
even numbered vehicles on the other days.

Planned congestion Imposing time delays with traffic signals, capacity restrictions, and planned congestion.

Tolls at particular barriers to Charge tolls at particular barriers like tunnels and bridges
movement

Traffic cell system Divide an urban area into zones, which are only mutually accessible by public transport or circuitous route.
Pedestrian or barrier points in streets are used to prevent private vehicles traffic from passing through the area.

Auto-restricted CBD Set an auto-restricted zone where autos generally are totally eliminated from the zone, and set a new circulation
system for buses, pedestrians, taxis, and delivery trucks; giving priority to buses, by comprehensive signing
program.

Area-licensing Charges are applied to low-occupancy vehicles entering the congested area during peak periods.

Vehicular ownership restraints Inhibit vehicle ownership through high import taxes, purchase taxes, vehicle registration, and annual licensing fees.

User taxes Vehicle use is restrained through user taxes imposed on fuel, tires, spare parts, etc. thus adding to the operating cost
in relation to the distance traveled.

Cordon toll gates Install toll gate at the cordon around the controlled area, and collect tolls.
TDM: Peak-Period Dispersion Techniques
TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

Staggered working hours Make the beginning of working hours staggered to peak-hour travel demand.

Shortened work week Work is shortened to four days per week but with longer working hours such as ten hours. This is commonly
known as 4-10 plan.

Flexitime working hours Permit employees to have flexibility in distribution of working hours during a week, usually employees are
allowed to choose their own starting and finishing times within clearly defined limits.
TDM: Ride-Sharing Techniques
TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

Van Pooling Ride-sharing usually consists of 8-15 employees living in the same vicinity and share cost of owning &
operating a van to commute to and from work.

Bus Pooling Independent operating or commuter clubs run chartered buses and serve commuters.

Ride-sharing programs Coordinate commuters with existing major business and business districts by using designated employee
transportation coordinator for ridesharing, who establish good solid programs.

Car Pooling Car-sharing: 2 or more commuters share a single car for commuting.
Ride-sharing: Commuters regularly contribute their cars to the pool.
Destination-oriented carpooling: Members who work at the same place do carpooling
Neighborhood-oriented carpooling: Members composed of friends or neighbors who live proximity to one
another but have dissimilar destination
 TDM: Parking Control Techniques
TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

On-street parking restriction Regulation of on-street parking supply: Allocation of on-street parking supply among various uses, loading zone
regulations, restrictions on the hours of parking and provision of preferential treatment to car pools and van pools

Parking meters management Used to control parking on streets within and adjacent to major activity centers by installing parking meters, which
(on-street parking pricing) enables control of parking duration and generation of revenues.

Parking control strategies Parking priority given to visitors and short-time parking. Long parking, particularly for those working in the center,
supporting traffic restrain in should be provided on the periphery of the town center.
CBD

Residential parking restriction Restrict on-street parking to reduce hazardous traffic conditions resulting from the use of streets within residential
parking program areas by those vehicles for commuting or commercial or industrial uses.

Park and ride Provide parking facilities at the transit terminals outside the CBD

Remote parking Run shuttle buses to remote parking facilities to resolve parking problem and to reduce trips.

Differential parking charge Set the charge comparatively low for an initial short period, and apply progressively higher charges for longer
period to discourage the commuters from parking in the area.

Parking taxes Impose a citywide tax on all parking for which a fee is charged.

Control of parking fee for Control the fees of existing privately owned car parks. Control parking demand and supply.
private car park

Parking restriction through wheel- Use a metal clamp that fits over the wheel and prevents the car from moving to prevent on street parking.
clamping
TDM: Land Use Controls
TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

Integration of land use and Integrating the development of the transportation system so as to provide harmonious relationship between land
transportation system use and transportation

Preservation of Urban Development of transportation facilities should be consistent with the preservation of urban environment and
Environment and Historical historical facilities
Facilities

Promotion of Open Space Encouraging the putting up of open spaces such as parks so as to improve the air quality in the site and the area
in general

Land Use Zoning Strict enforcement of land use or development zoning

New Towns Provide a self-sufficient satellite town or growth nodes to reduce unnecessary trips

Floor Area Ration (FAR) Limiting the FAR so as to control the growth of traffic generation in the site
Control

Establishment of Density Cap Putting a ceiling on the population density on the site development with the purpose of controlling growth of
traffic generation

Relocation of freight terminals Relocate the major freight terminal outside the central areas.

Removal of intercity bus Remove intercity bus terminal from CBD area, or near CBD area to outside the CBD.
terminal

Removal of schools to outside Remove schools that would generate a lot of traffic from CBD area or near CBD to outside of CBD.
of the city center
Transportation System Management (TSM)
•TSM consist of strategies to improve the efficiency of transportation system through operational
improvements; thus increasing demand that can be accommodated by the system
•Non-facility, low-capital cost, and short-range improvement strategies

•Considers the service attributes of various transportation modes

 TSM: Public Transport Improvement Techniques
TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

With-flow bus lanes Improve the speed of bus operation and make it attractive, reserve some lanes for buses run in the same direction
as other vehicles.

Contra-flow bus lanes Reserve the lane for buses only which buses run in the opposite direction of other vehicles.

Bus-only streets Prohibit all traffic except for bus and sometimes buses and pedestrians; usually in major downtown streets.

Bus ways Provide grade-separated right-of-way for buses only.

Transport-priority at traffic Buses/trams receive priority treatment of traffic signals at the intersection. Priority is given to bus/tram by
signal adjusting signal timing plans.

Exclusive transit management Various management oriented strategies like privatization of bus company, bus rail coordination, revision of
strategies route-numbering system.

Transit fare reform Provide incentives in price to promote use of transit by discount of ticket, or charge free transit to make more
attractive.

Combination ticket Simplify the ticket and fare systems through the development of new approach like combination ticket (card),
which permits the passenger to transfer from one mode to another mode.

Free fare transit Provide free fare transit to induce modal shift from private automobile to transit.

Joint dispatch of city bus Make even the receipt of each bus company by permitting every company to operate all the routes according to
(Route-sharing) rules, so that no bus company loses money from operation.
TSM: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
•known to be more economical and more efficient than Light Rail if highways are dedicated to it, and if
competitor buses do not operate along arterial roads
Hard Measures: Improvement of
Existing Transportation Infrastructure

TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

Road Widening Widening of existing roads so as to have additional lanes for the purpose of increasing road capacity

Road Pavement Pavement of roads either by concrete or asphalt so that the roads can accommodate high volume of traffic

Rehabilitation of Existing Rehabilitation of existing traffic signalization system so as to improve traffic control and management in
Traffic Control System anticipation of increase traffic volume

Intersection Channelization Channelization of intersections so as to efficiently manage movement of vehicles at intersections

Rehabilitation of Pavement Enhancing pavement markings for the purpose of maintenance and improve flow and movement of
Markings vehicles
Hard Measures:
New Transportation Infrastructure

TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION

Construction of a New Road A scheme usually developed for totally new site development
Network

Installation of a Traffic A medium-term to long-term measure aimed at controlling and managing traffic in the site; ideally
Signalization System integrated and demand-responsive traffic signal system

Provision of a Shuttle System A medium-term to long-term measure aimed at increasing the level of service of public transportation
system in the area; ideal for regional developments

Development of a Bikeway A system suitable for the promotion of non-motorized transportation system
System

Development of a Mass Transit A long-term measure aimed at providing an efficient public transportation system so as to meet the
System increasing travel demand as a result of the site development; this is usually rail-based and linked to the
overall regional mass transit system in the area
Transport Policy & Initiatives
•HLURB Standards for Transport Infrastructure
•Parking Requirement in National Building Code and other Guidelines
HLURB Standards for
Transport Infrastructure
HLURB Standards for Subdivision Infrastructure
Laws & Regulations on Parking

Code/Guideline Parking Allocation

1 slot per 8 living units (if unit size < 50 sqm)

1 slot per 4 living units (if unit size is 50-100 sqm)
National Building Code 1 slot per 1 living unit (if unit size > 100 sqm)
(NBC)

1 slot per 100 sqm of GFA

MACEA Guideline

1 slot per 100 sqm of GFA

OCA Guideline

References
2011 EnP Review Presentation
Architecture Board Exam Reviewers
CLUP Guidebook Vol. 2
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