0 ‫بــ ِم ِ ٰٱَلهَّّلـ ٱّـَّلْحَرـ َٰم ِن ٱّـَّلِحَرـي ِم‬

‫ِ ْس‬
in the name of god,the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful.

LECTURE NO 4
SUBJECT
kinesiology ii

Dr Syeda Abida Hussain Sherazi(PT)

MSAPT(DUHS)DPT(BMU)
MPPTA
Snr.Lecturer physical therapy UAJ&K
. Resisted Exercise
The Principles of Resistance
• An external force may be applied to the body levers to
oppose the force of muscular contraction.
• Tension is increased within the muscles by the opposing force
(or resistance) and
 the muscles respond by an increase in their power and
hypertrophy.
• As the increase in muscular development occurs in response
to the increase in intramuscular tension it follows that,
• the application of the maximum resistance which is
consistent with the ability of the muscles to overcome
it will elicit the maximum development.
• When applying resistance the power of the muscles must always
be greater than the resisting force
 in order to allow contraction and
 controlled movement to take place,
When the muscle power and the resisting force are equal
 maximum tension is created in the muscles but
 no movement results but,
 if the resisting force exceeds the power of the contracted
muscles to which it is opposed,
 it will force the muscles to elongate at a speed which is beyond
their control .
• This may injure the muscles or the joint and
• is to be avoided.
• There are five factors which contribute to
the development of
muscular efficiency, i.e.
1. power,
2. endurance,
3. volume,
4. speed of contraction and
5. co-ordination.
• The first three are inter-related and can be
built up by the use of resisted exercise.
1. Power develops in response to the application of the maximum
resistance
 which is consistent with the ability of the muscles to overcome
it,
 therefore power can be built up when they work against a
progressively increasing resistance.
As the essential factor in power development is the magnitude
of the resistance
 the method used to promote it is called Heavy Resistance-Low
Repetition Exercise,
 the number of times the movement is repeated being relatively
few to allow the resistance to be as great as possible.
2. Endurance is a quality which develops in
response to repetitive contraction,
 therefore as it is the number of contractions
which is the essential factor,
 the method used in this case is called Light
Resistance-High Repetition Exercise.
3. Volume, which can be observed or measured
as an indication of hypertrophy,
 usually develops in proportion to power.
 It serves as a means of demonstrating
progress to the patient
although it is not invariably a reliable indication
of successful treatment.
• Skill in estimating the capacity of the muscles
 at every stage of treatment and
 in matching this with the correct amount of
resistance
 is the keynote to success in the use of resisted
exercise.
• Variation of the Power of Muscles in Different
Parts of their Range Muscles
• M/S which are capable of producing a
considerable range of joint movement are not
equally powerful in all parts of their range.
Physiologically, muscles are capable of exerting
 their greatest strength when they are fully
extended, i.e. in outer range,
 and as they shorten their force diminishes.
 This, however, is modified in the case of sole muscles by mechanical
factors such as the angle of pull of the tendon of insertion,
 i.e. the effect of the pull on the lever is greatest when the angle of
pull approaches a right angle.
For example:
physiologically the Flexors of the Elbow are strongest in their outer
range,
but mechanically strongest at about mid-range.
• When both these factors are taken into account, and allowance is
made for overcoming the initial inertia at the beginning of the
movement,
 it can be roughly estimated that the muscles will be most efficient
in the outer part of the middle range.
• This, in fact, can be proved by experiment. It seems,
however, that the relative importance of these factors
varies in different muscle groups but, broadly speaking,
 each group is found to be most powerful in the part of
the range in which it is habitually used, i.e. Shoulder
Flexors in outer range, Hip Extensors in inner range.
• In giving manual resistance these variations in power
can be felt and the resistance adjusted accordingly,
• but other means of providing resistance are not so
accurate from this point of view.
 Technique of Resisted Exercises

1. Starting Position. Comfort and stability for

the body as a whole ensures
that the patient’s whole attention can be
concentrated on
 the pattern of movement and
 the effort required to overcome the
resistance.
2. The Pattern of Movement. This must be well
known by the patient and can be taught as a
free exercise.
The pattern selected should, whenever possible,
be one which allows contraction of the
muscles in full range and it should be based on
a natural pattern of purposeful movement.
• 3. Stabilisation.
• Stabilisation of the bone or bones of origin of the
muscles to be resisted improves their efficiency.
• This stabilisation is rarely static when a natural pattern
of movement is used as
• it is constantly being adapted to the circumstances of
the movement Provided the muscles normally
responsible
• for the stabilization have remained efficient they
should be used for this purpose,
• as their action is considered to provide reinforcement
for the muscles producing the movement.
• If, however, there is a tendency for movement
to be transferred to neighbouring joints so
that the pattern of movement is altered,
• then additional means of fixation such as
manual pressure or a strap must be used to
ensure movement at the required joint.
4. Traction.
Preliminary stretching of the muscles to elicit the
myotatic (stretch) reflex provides
 a powerful stimulus to contraction,
and traction maintained throughout the range
facilitates
 joint movement and
 maintains tension on the muscles and
so augments the effect of the resisting force.
• 5. The Resisting Force.
• A variety of means may be employed to supply
the force used
• to resist the contraction of the working muscles,
• e.g. manual pressure, weights, springs, etc., but in
every case it should be applied in a manner which
ensures that pressure is exerted on the surface of
the patient’s skin
 which is in the direction of the movement.
The advantage of manual pressure is that
 it can be adjusted accurately to match the power of the
muscles in all circumstances and
 in every part of the range,
 but it also has the disadvantage of not being easily
measurable.
 Mechanical resistances are usually measurable and
therefore provide a useful means of recording progress.
 The magnitude of the resisting force, in relation to that
of the muscle power,
 varies according to the purpose for which it is used.
• Maximal resistance elicits maximal effort on
 the part of the muscles and
 it is therefore used to develop power and
hypertrophy.
• As the quality of muscular endurance is
developed by repeated contraction against
resistance the latter is considerably less than
maximal to allow a greater number of repetitions
to take place
.
6. The Character of the Movement .
The movement is essentially smooth and controlled
throughout,
 the effort involved commanding the patient’s full
attention.
 The speed of movement is consistent
with the optimum rate of contraction for the particular
group of muscles in relation to the resistance which
constitutes the load.
The range of movement is full whenever possible, but
resistance can be applied in any part of the range which is
convenient or desirable and the muscles can also be
resisted so that they work statically at any particular point
in their range.
7. Repetitions. The number of times the muscles are thrown into action
against a resistance varies
 according to the condition and
 the individual patient,
and it is inadvisable to accept any rule of thumb procedure.
Low Resistance-High Repetition
 exercises appear to be more suitable
for weak or elderly patients
whose muscles are less resilient than those of the young and strong,
and
 they have proved to be effective in such conditions as Osteo-arthritis
 High Resistance-Low Repetition exercises
 on the other hand undoubtedly build up power and
 hyper trophy muscles suffering from disuse as the result of
traumatic injury or in connection with orthopaedic surgery, e.g.
menisectomy.
• When there is effusion or joint changes are present, as in
Rheumatoid Arthritis,
• static resisted contraction of the muscles passing over the joint
with a high repetition figure are valuable
 for retaining muscular efficiency and
 they can be performed in any part of the range which is pain-free.
• 8. The Co-operation of the Patient .
 The effort exerted by the patient and
 his interest in the treatment undoubtedly play an
important part in the development of his muscles by
means of resisted exercise.
Interest is stimulated by precision in applying the resistance,
• regular measurement and
• recording of progress,
• verbal encouragement and,
• in suitable cases, by competition.
• Thanks