MEDIA MENGAJAR

FORWARD An English
Course for Vocational School Students Grade XII
 UNIT 1

I MISSED
THE CLASS
DUE TO
TRAFFIC JAM
Source: pixabay.com
Learning Overview

Homophones
Pronunciation
center
/r/ sound
I Missed
the Class How to write Cause and Effect
Interlude
due to Essays
Traffic
Jam Connectors showing cause and
effect
Essential
Grammar Connectors followed by a noun,
a noun phrase, a pronoun or a
gerund
Pronounciation Center
Homophones
What are they?

Homophones are words that

have exactly the same sound
(pronunciation), but different
meanings and (usually) spelling.
Tip = a piece of advice
Tip = a small sum of money given to
someone for performing a service
Tip = the end of a pointed or projecting
object
Pronounciation Center
/r/ sound

 When we have words with ‘WOR . . .’ the ‘O’ is not pronounced as an ‘O’.
 Don’t round your lips. Don’t say ‘world’ (read: worolt). Just imagine ‘WR’,
eliminate the ‘O’ completely.
 ‘Wrld’ (you read: wr + rolled). For examples:
 Work
 Worry
 In the world
 Don’t worry about it
 Let’s work
Interlude
How to Write Cause and Effect Essays
When an author gives reasons why something happened, he or she
is explaining what caused an effect (reasons are causes and the
thing that happens is the effect).

When a writer explains the results of an action, he or she is

explaining the effects of a cause (results are effects and the thing
that occurs is the cause).

The cause and effect text structure is used so commonly that you
have probably written a paragraph using it and not noticed.
Essential Grammar 1
Connectors showing cause and effect

1. because

This conjunction usually

follows the main clause.

For example: Everybody likes

him because he is very kind
and friendly.
Essential Grammar 1
Connectors showing cause and effect

2. As and since
• They are very similar, but as is less formal than since.
• They are used when the reason is well known.
• The clauses that start with these words are often at the
beginning of the sentence.
• For example:
• - As I was very tired, I went to bed early.
• - Since you are not interested, I won’t tell you about it.
Essential Grammar 1
Connectors showing cause and effect

3. for
• For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought.
• For-clauses never come at the beginning of the sentence.
• This conjunction is very formal because it is mainly used in
• literary texts.
• For example:
• - We listened eagerly for he brought news of our families.
Essential Grammar 2
Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a
pronoun or a gerund

1. Because of

• This conjunction is different from

the conjunction because.
• Because of is not followed by
• a sentence.
• For example:
• - They have had problems raising
cash because of the credit Source: wikimediacommons.org
crunch.
Essential Grammar 2
Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a
pronoun or a gerund

2. due to and owing to

• Due to is adjectival (it follows a noun or
pronoun), whereas owing to is adverbial
(it complements a verb).
• For examples:
• - The game was cancelled owing to heavy
rain.
• - The cancellation of the game was due
to heavy rain. Source: wikimediacommons.org
Essential Grammar 2
Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a
pronoun or a gerund

3. On account of

• This conjunction has similar

meaning to due to, because of, and
owing to.
• For example:
• - The nurse had to keep the baby in
another room on account of my
illness. Source: flickr.com
Essential Grammar 2
Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a
pronoun or a gerund

4. Thanks to
• It suggests that there is some cause for gratitude, though it
can be used sarcastically.
• For example:
• -Thanks to my fitness coach, I am now much stronger and
healthier.
• (This sentence indicates that the speaker’s fitness coach was
responsible for his improvement. It shows that Thanks to has
a sincere/positive connotation.)
14