Materi 1 Bahasa Inggris

Kelas/Semester : XII/Ganjil

Tahun Pelajaran : 2020-2021

Kompetensi Dasar :

3.21 Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interkasi transaksional lisan dan tulis
yng melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait hubungan sebab akibat, sesuai dengan
konteks kebahasaan. (Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan because of…, due to…, thanks to…)

4.21 Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan menerima
informasi terkait hubungan sebab akibat, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur
kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks

CONNECTORS SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT

Conncetors or linkers are words of groups of words that help us connect words, phrases of sentences. Because of
them, we can express relationship between ideas and improve our expression by making longer, more complex
sentences. For example, take these two sentences:

Our teacher was ill. We had to put off the exam.

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

The first sentence is the cause of the second and the second is the result of the first sentences. The idea would be
understood more easily if we could express the relation between both sentences. Thus, we could say:

• Our teacher was ill, therefore we had to put off the exam
• We had to put off the exam because our teacher was ill

As you can see, the two examples above sound better than the previous two sentences. Thanks to the use of the
connectors therefore and because.

Connectors can be used to show contrast, purpose, sequence, etc. but today we will be concentrating on the
linking words that show cause or result.

A. Conjunctions followed by a complete sentences

1. Because
This conjunction usually follows the main clause. For example: everybody likes her because she is kind
and friendly
2. As and Since
They are very similar, but as is less formal than since. They are used when the reason is well known. The
clauses that start with these words are often at the beginning of the sentences. For example:
• As I was tired, I went to bed early
• Since you are not interested, I won’t tell you about it

(if you pay attention to those sentences above, as and since can also be used at time connectors)

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 3. For
For suggest that the reason is given as an afterthought. For-clauses never come at the beginning of the
sentences. This conjunction is very formal because it is mainly used in literary texts. For example:
• We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.

Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a gerund

1. Because of
This conjunction is different from the conjunction because. Because of is not followed by a sentence. For
example:
• They have had problems raising cash because of the credit crunch.
2. Due to and owing to
They are considered by many speakers as exact equivalents, but this is not so, because due to is adjectival
(it follows a noun or pronoun), whereas owing to is adverbial (it complements a verb). Compares these
two examples below:
• The game was cancelled owing to heavy rain.
• The cancellation of the game was due to heavy rain
If you are doubtful as to which of these you can use, here’s a trick: try to substitute due to with
“caused by” and see if it works.
• The game was cancelled caused by heavy rain. It doesn’t sound correct, so it’s not possible to use
due to in this case.
• On the other hand, The cancellation of the game was caused by heavy rain, sounds fine

Owing to is interchangeable with because of. For example: The game was cancelled because of heavy
rain.

3. On account of
This conjunction has a similar meaning to due to, because of, and owing to. For example:
• The nurse had to keep the baby in another room on account of my illness
4. Thanks to
It suggests that there is some cause for gratitude, though it can be used sarcastically. For example:
• Thanks to my fitness coach, I am now much stronger and healthier.
(This sentence indicated that the speaker’s fitness coach was responsible for his improvement. It
shows that thanks to has a sincere/positive connotation)
• Thanks to my little brother, my phone is broken
(This sentences indicates that the speaker’s little brother broke the phone and the speaker blames
him for it. It shows that “thanks to” has a sarcastic/negative connotation)

Because vs. Because of

You write a complete sentence or an independent clause after because, but you only write a noun or a phrase (a
“dependent clause”) after because of (or due to). For example:

• Because it was raining, school was cancelled.

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

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• Because of the rain, school was cancelled.
Noun Sentence

• John moved to California because the weather is good there.

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

• John moved to California because of the good weather.

Sentence 1 Noun Phrase

• Due to her hard work, Lilian was promoted to Assistant Manager.

Noun phrase Sentence

• Because she works so hard, Lilian was promoted to Assistant Manager.

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

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Task 1

Discuss the previous connectors with your friends. Then, make five sentences for each connector

Because of

1. _____________________because of_________________________
2. _____________________because of_________________________
3. _____________________because of_________________________
4. _____________________because of_________________________
5. _____________________because of_________________________

Due to

1. _____________________due to_________________________
2. _____________________due to_________________________
3. Due to _____________________________________________
4. Due to _____________________________________________
5. Due to _____________________________________________

Thanks to

1. Thanks to ______________________________________________
2. Thanks to ______________________________________________
3. Thanks to ______________________________________________
4. ___________________________thanks to ___________________
5. ___________________________thanks to ___________________

SELAMAT BELAJAR DAN MENGERJAKAN TUGAS. TETAP SEMANGAT DAN JAGA KESEHATAN

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