SCAFFOLD ERECTION,

SUPERVISION & INSPECTION

 REQUEST

• SWITCH OFF ALL MOBILE PHONES OR PUT INTO SILENT

MODE

• IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS STOP ME AND ASK AT ANY

TIME

• CONTRIBUTE/ SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCES WITH OTHERS.

• IF YOU START TO FEEL BORED OR SLEEPY - STOP ME AND

REQUEST A BREAK
 DOMESTIC ARRANGEMENTS

• First Aid
• Fire Alarm
• Emergency/Evacuation
• Toilets
• Mobile phones
• No Smoking
At TOPICS
the endCOVERED
of the session, you will be able to understand
• Scaffolding & Types od Scaffold

• Legal Requirements & Standard References

• Roles & Responsibilities

• Scaffold Components

• Hazards & Risks

• Sequence of erection

• Loading on Scaffold

• Do’s & Do Not’s With Different Types of Scaffold

• Inspection, Testing & Maintenance Requirements

 COURSE OBJECTIVE
• Know the basic relevant rules
• Be able to read and understand
• Thorough knowledge of Scaffolding equipment,
construction methods and design requirements
• Recognize common hazards and take effective
precautions
• Visual inspection to find faults
• Competent in manual lifting techniques
• Correct use of various tools, ropes and gin wheels
• Erect and Dismantle scaffolding in correct sequence
SCAFFOLDING & TYPES
OF SCAFFOLDING
SCAFFOLD

• A temporary structure that supports one or more

platforms

• Support workmen, plant and materials during:

- Construction,
- Maintenance,
- Repairs and
- Demolition.
WHY WE NEED SCAFFOLDING?

• Working at heights can not be done safely without

scaffolds.

• Employers must provide safe working platforms and safe

access

• Normally provided for height more than 2 m where work

can not done safely without it.
SCAFFOLD TYPES

An elevated, temporary work platform

Three basic types
• Supported scaffolds -- platforms
supported by rigid, load
bearing members, such as
poles, legs, frames, &
outriggers

• Suspended scaffolds -- platforms

suspended by ropes or other non-
rigid, overhead support

• Aerial Lifts -- such as “cherry

pickers” or “boom trucks”
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS

• Independent scaffold.
• Putlog scaffold.
• Mobile scaffold.
• Truss-out scaffold.
• Trestle scaffold.
• Birdcage scaffold.
• Cantilever scaffold.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS,
STANDARD REFERENCES
 REFERENCE STANDARDS
• BS- 1139 Metal scaffolding

• BS- 2482 specification of timber scaffold boards

• BS- 5973 Code of practice for access and working

scaffolds and special structure in steel.

• BS- 5974 Code of practice for temporary installed

scaffolds and access equipment.
§1926.451 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL
SCAFFOLDS

Capacity
• support
own

weight
and
4
X
the

maximu
m
intended continued...
load.
§1926.451 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL
SCAFFOLDS

Scaffold platform construction

• Platforms fully planked or decked

• no more than 1” gaps
• maximum openings of 9½”
• scaffold platforms and walkways 18” wide
• ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and
pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide
• guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems for
platforms and runways not less than 18” wide

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL
SCAFFOLDS

Scaffold platform construction

• Front edge of all platforms no more than 14” from the face
of the work
• 3” from the face for outrigger scaffolds
• 18” from the face for plastering and lathing operations
• Platforms 10’ and less to extend at least 6” but not more
than 12” past support unless designed and installed and/or
guarded properly
• Platforms greater than 10’ no more than 18” past support
unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL
SCAFFOLDS

Scaffold platform construction

• Each abutted end of plank shall rest on a separate support

surface.

• Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over

supports,
unless restrained to prevent movement.

• On direction changes, any platform on a bearer at other

than a right angle shall be laid first, and platforms which
rest at right angles over the same bearer laid second.
continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL
SCAFFOLDS

Scaffold platform construction

• No paint on wood platforms, except edges that may
be
marked for identification
• Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support
• No mixed scaffold components used unless
compatible
and integrity maintained
• No modification of mixed scaffold components unless
a
competent person approves
• No components of dissimilar metals unless approved
by competent person continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Criteria for supported scaffolds

• Higher than 4:1 ratio restrained from tipping by
guys, ties, or equivalent.

• Guys, ties, installed per recommendations or at

the
closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height

• Bear on adequate foundations

• Plumbed and braced

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Criteria for supported scaffolds

• Support devices, 4 X the • Counterweights
imposed load. • Construction
• Outrigger beams; metal requirements for
or equal and outrigger
restrained beams
• Stabilize outrigger • Minimum lengths for
beams suspension ropes on
• Direct connections hoists
evaluated by competent • No repaired wire
person rope
continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Criteria for supported scaffolds

• Proper sized eye splice • Automatic brakes
thimbles required • Positive crank force to
• Ropes inspected by descend
competent person • Tied to prevent
• No swaged attachments swaying
unless approved • Safety devices not used
• No gasoline powered as platforms
equipment

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Access
• Must have safe and sound access
• No access by cross braces
• Bottom rung not more than 24” high
• Rest platforms at 35’ intervals
• Sets access requirements for erectors and dismantlers (
September 2, 1997)
• Can use some end frames for access

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
Use
• Never overload • Immediately removed or
• No shore or lean-to repaired, braced if
scaffolds found substandard
• Inspected by • No vertical movement with
competent employees unless
person approved
• Maintain safe clearance
near power lines

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
Use
• Erected, moved, • Tag lines on swinging
dismantled or altered loads
only under supervision • Protect suspension
of competent person ropes from heat, acid
• No work during storms
• No work on snow, ice or high winds
covered platforms

continued...
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Fall protection(PFAS or guardrails)

• Required at 6 foot
• PFAS in lieu of guardrails on some
scaffolds
• PFAS & guardrails on suspension
scaffolds
• PFAS required for erectors and
dismantlers were
feasible after September 2, 1997.
• Top rails after 1-1-2000, 38” to 45”
high
• Use cross bracing in lieu of top or continued...
mid rails in some
§1926.451 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Falling object protection

• Hardhats required
• Protect employees below
• Barricades to exclude working below
• Toe boards at edges of platforms
• Allows panels and screens
• Canopies allowed
SECTION 1926.454

Training Requirements
• Five training areas
- Nature of electrical, fall, and falling object hazards
- Correct procedures for protection of above
- Proper use the scaffold
- Load capacities of scaffolds
- Requirements of Subpart L

• Retraining as necessary to restore proficiency

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

• Employer must provide safe working platforms and

safe means of access to employees.

• Erection, alteration and dismantling under the

competent and experienced person.

• All scaffolds are to erected to the provision and use

work equipment at work regulations 1993

• BS 5973-Code of practice for access working

scaffolds and special scaffolds structures in steel
OTHER DUTIES OF ERECTORS

• SAFETY IN MANUAL /MECHANICAL HANDLING OF

MATERIALS.

• PROTECTING OTHER DURING ERECTION.

• PERSONAL PROTECTION DURING

ERECTION/DISMANTLING/MODIFICATION.

• CONSTRUCTING SAFE AND SOUND SCAFFOLDS

ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT.
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES
 TERMS
• Competent person

• Exposed power lines

• Guardrail system

• Exclusion Zones

continued...
 TERMS
• Maximum intended load

• Personal fall arrest system

• Qualified Person

• Cantilever Scaffolding

continued...
 TERMS

• Rated load

• Supported scaffold

• Suspension scaffold

• Access & Egress

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
BASIC SCAFFOLDING LEVEL (II)

Tools and Equipment

Scaffold Spanners
‘Scaffold Spanner’ and
‘Scaffold key’ are
defined in Appendix B.
The handle of scaffold
spanners should be not
less than 200mm
or more than 250mm
long.
Scaffold spanners with a worn rivet or sloppy head,
should be repaired or replaced.
 PODGER HAMMERS
Podger hammers with a lose head or hairline crack at the
juncture between the head and the shaft should be
replaced.
An ADJUSTABLE
Adjustable WRENCHES
wrench is normally used where an obstruction
makes the use of scaffold spanner impossible.
Care should be taken to avoid ‘burning’ nuts and bolt heads
when using an adjustable wrench.
The arm of an adjustable wrench used for couplers, should be
not less than 200mm or more than 250mm long.
 SPIRIT LEVELS
Spirit levels are used to check that scaffolding members are
horizontal or plump.
When working aloft, use spirit levels that are compact enough
for use with one hand and for safe stowing on a safflower’s
belt, when not in use.
 RULES AND TAPE MEASURES
Rules and measure tapes should be carried in purpose –
designed pouch on safflower’s belt, or clipped to the inside
of the belt, to minimize the risk of dislodgement while the
scaffolder is working aloft
 PLUMB, LEVEL, AND SQUARE
• Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights
shall be plumb (perfectly vertical) and braced to prevent
swaying and displacement.

Crossbracing is
required on both
front and back
of each scaffold
frame.

Cross bracing
continued...
 PLUMB, LEVEL, AND SQUARE
• Use a tape measure to check for “square” by measuring
the distance between opposite corners. The
measurements should be equal.
 SCAFFOLDER’S BELT
A Scaffolder’s belt should be used to safely carry
scaffold tools, while they are not being used.
The belt should be made of sturdy leather, canvas webbing,
or material of equivalent strength and characteristics.
 FIBER ROPE
Fiber rope used as hand-lines for the rising and lowering of
scaffolding material should be at least 12mm in diameter.
Rope used for haulage with a gin wheel, should be at least
16mm in diameter.
Fiber rope should be stored:
• Away from exhaust gases and boilers, radiators, steam pipes
and other sources of heat.
• In a cool dry place, with good air circulation.
• In loose coils hanging on large wooded pegs well above the
floor.
BASIC SCAFFOLDING COMPONENT

• Sole plate
• Base plate
• Standards
• Ledgers
• Transoms
• Bracings
• Ties
• Guard rails
• Toe guard
• Ladders
• Miscellaneous i.e
couplers, planks etc.,
FOUNDATIONS/SILLS

• Base plates must be placed

under the legs.

• Use mudsill continuous under

both legs of the scaffold. The
sill extends at least 22.5 cm
(9 inches) past the center line
of the leg and be of 5 cm x
25 cm (2inch x 10 inches)
lumber.
 FOUNDATION
• Foundation- Well Founded, Capable of carrying impressed
load for entire scaffold.

• On steel and concrete structure scaffold tube may be

directly place but on other surface sole plate/base plate
should be use.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
• Scaffold Tube
• Right angle Coupler
• Swivel coupler
• Putlog Coupler
• Spigot
• Putlog Adaptor
• Girder or coupler/beam clamp
• Base plate
• Castor Wheel
• Scaffold board
• Primarily-tubes, boards and couplers
• Additionally- ropes gin wheels and Ladders
• All materials should be inspected by experienced
scaffolder
• All materials should be in good condition and sound.
• Manufactured and tested accordance with BS 1139
Part 1. Three main types of tubes are in use

Black steel tube & Galvanized steel Tube

• Outside Dia -48.3 mm
• Wall thickness -4.0 mm
• Weight -4.4
Kg/m
 SCAFFOLD BOARDS/PLANK
• On the face end shall be split up more than 30.5 (one foot)
without banding or end bolted through
• Planks split, decayed or warped shall not be used but may
be cut into shorter length with ends branded
• Planks shall not be painted which can conceal defects
• On the face of the board not more than one third the width
in any one place shall have knot wood
• On the edge of the board not more than half of the depth
shall be knot wood
• From the end to end the plank must not twist by more than
13 mm
SCAFFOLD BOARDS/PLANK
RIGHT ANGLE/LOAD
BEARING COUPLER

• Load bearing component– SWL 6.3

kN
 SWIVEL COUPLER
• Joining tubes at various angle – SWL 5.3 kN
 PUTLOG COUPLER
• Connecting transom to Ledger – SWL 0.53
kN
 SLEEVE/END TO END COUPLER
• Sleeve Coupler / End to End Coupler– External
coupler to join tubes

• SWL Class A - 1.5 kN

• SWL Class B – 3.0 kN

 SPIGOT COUPLER

• An expanding pin to join tubes

 CASTOR WHEEL
• Mobile scaffold – SWL marked on the frame of the wheel
HAZARDS
&
RISKS
BASIC SCAFFOLD
CONSIDERATIONS
Before the erection of any scaffold, the following
points must be clearly defined
• What is the scaffold for ?

• Exactly where is it to be erected and what materials are to be used?

• Can safe access be provided for the erection and use of the scaffold?

• How many working platforms will there be and what loadings will be
imposed upon those working platforms, and on the scaffold as a
whole?
• Is the ground condition where the scaffold is to be erected suitable?

• How and where can the scaffold be tied in?

• What bracing will be required?

 PUBLIC HAZARDS
• PROTECT PUBLIC IN GENERAL

• BARRICADE THE WORK PLACE

• PUT UP PROPER SIGNAGE IN THE LANGUES THAT UNDERSTAND

BY PUBLIC

• PUT UP SHEETS ON EXPOSED SIDE

• PROTECT FROM ALL KINDS OF MATERIALS FROM THE HEIGHT

• PROTECT SHARP EDGES, PROTUDING ENDS

 HEALTH AND SAFETY
• Plant and system of work, must not cause
unnecessary risks to the health and safety of workers
and others, including members of the public.
• Plant and associated system of work, must be
maintained in a safe condition.
• Employees must co-operate with their employer.
• Employees must take care of the health and safety of
themselves, fellow workers and others.
The essential elements of minimizing risk are
• Use expert advice
• Identify hazards
• Assess risk
• Control Risk
 EXPERT ADVICE
Whereverpossible, expert advice should be soughtby
the main employer during the planning stage of the
when circumstances or changes to the project schedule
projectand
occur, to identify potential hazards and to assess the &
control risks.

Expert advice is available from a number of sources including

equipment suppliers, health and safety professionals,
industry organization, occupational health and safety
authorities, scaffolding and access design consultants, sub-
contractors and site based health and safety committees.
 PROXIMITY TO
POWER LINES
Power lines are potential hazards to persons erecting, working
from or in the vicinity of a scaffold. Isolated or shield any
electrical wires or apparatus that pass through a scaffold
should be de-energized, or protected by the supply authority
and should be fully enclosed by non-conductive material such
as moisture resistant flooring-grade particle board complying
with the relevant standers, dry timber, plywood or similar non-
conductive material.
The possibility of the movement of power lines caused
by
strong winds should be considered.

continued...
 PROXIMITY TO
POWER LINES
The clearance between scaffold and any transmission line,
main apparatus or transmission apparatus, should be not
less than

• 4.0m where any metal member is used

• 1.5m where only non-conductive material such as dry

timber or plywood are used.

continued...
 PROXIMITY TO
POWER LINES
Do not erect scaffold until the necessary have been taken to
minimize the risk and written authorization has been received
from the supply authority.
High voltage mains (i.e. more than 600V) near scaffolding should
be de-energized, shot-circuited and earthed, or re-routed prior to
the erection of scaffold.
Low voltage mains(i.e. not more than 250V) and medium voltage
mains(i.e. in the range of 250V TO 600V) should be de-
energized, short-circuited and earthed, or re-routed where
practicable. Make sure that inadvertent re-energizing of mains
can not occur while work is in progress.
SCAFFOLDING MAY ONLY BE ERECTED WHERE NO PARTS
IS ALLOWED TO TOUCH OR FALL ACROSS THE INSULATED
WIRES. continued...
PROXIMITY TO HAZARDOUS
PLANT

Operational plant, vehicular traffic and corrosive or explosive substance

possess hazards affecting the safe use of a scaffold or the structural
integrity of the scaffold. The risks from these hazards should be
identified, evaluated and controlled.

Vehicular Traffic
Take precautions to prevent scaffold being endangered by the
movement of vehicles and other plant. Traffic damage to the scaffold
is a common problem, which can be solved by ensuring that motor
vehicles and mobile plant are re-routed away from the location of the
scaffold. Where this is not practicable, guards or fenders should be
installed to shield the scaffold from the traffic damage.
Where both of the above measures are not possible, then a person
should be appointed or assigned to direct traffic away from the
vicinity of the scaffold.

continued...
PROXIMITY TO HAZARDOUS
PLANT

Take precautions to prevent scaffold being endangered by the

movement of cranes. A scaffold in the operational radius of crane is
in danger of damage from suspended loads. It may be necessary to
evacuate the scaffold and its vicinity during the lifting operations.
Make sure that the scaffold does not contain any unnecessary
obstructions, such as over-length transoms, putlogs, tie tubes or
over-length standards. Where it is not practicable to suspend crane
operation for the life of the scaffold, the operation radius of the
crane should be limited, so that loads can not come into contact
with the scaffold or its supporting structure, and clear instruction
should be given to the crane personnel to take particular care while
moving loads near to scaffolding.

continued...
PROXIMITY TO HAZARDOUS
PLANT

Fail-safe lock-out procedures must be used to prevent plant from being

activated where scaffolds are constructed on, over inside items of plant,
such as conveyors, over head gantry cranes turbines and crushers.
5. Boilers
Clearances between power generation boilers and scaffolding should
allow for the expansion of the boiler during firing and its construction
following shutdown.
6. Corrosive substances
Heavy concentration of acids, alkalis and salts can corrode scaffolding
components, leading to structural failure of the scaffold. Where any
corrosive substance is to be stored, on or near a scaffold, compatible
corrosion-resistant scaffolding material should be used. Where this is not
practicable, the frequency of scaffold inspection should be increased, to
detect early indications of structural deterioration.
 RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk associated with hazards can be assessed by considering
the following three key factors
Frequency
Incident recall, accident records, industry statics and a consideration
of possibilities can gauge the frequency of a particular type of injury
occurring. One injury per 1000 person hours is generally regarded
as low, and one injury per 100 person hours is generally regarded
as high.
Duration
The duration of a person’s exposure to a hazard is often expressed
as a percentage of each workday. Less than 20% is generally
regarded as low and more than 60% is generally regarded as high.
Severity
The potential severity of injuries is generally classified as being low
scratches and bruising and high for death and permanent incapacity.
 COMMON SCAFFOLD HAZARDS
• No guardrails on scaffolds.

• Defective wood planks and inadequate planking overhang.

• Unsafe access to scaffold.

• Cross bracing not adequate.

• Inadequate footings.

• Bridging of scaffolds.

continued...
 COMMON SCAFFOLD HAZARDS
• Failure to secure the scaffold to the building
• Inadequate bracing
• Failure to brace it adequately
• Inadequately supported scaffold board
• Erected on uneven ground
• Use of unsuitable or faulty materials
• Absence of suitable number of couplers
• Inadequate access or unsecured ladder

continued...
 COMMON SCAFFOLD HAZARDS
• Inadequate or irregular platform width;

• Overload of platform and scaffold;

• Use of makeshift materials;

• Gang ways obstructed.

• Absence of toe boards and guard rails where necessary;

• Absence of good drainage system near the standards

to
prevent erosion.
 PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN
• Surface - firm, level and compacted

• Sole plates below the base plates

• Sole plate shall rest on at least two vertical pipes

and should extend 600 mm beyond the vertical
pipes;

• Vertical not more than 3 m apart;.

• Staging braced at every height of 6 m;

• Sufficient diagonal bracing.

continued...
 PRECAUTIONS
• Min. TO50
Overhang BE mm.
TAKEN

• Max. Overhang 4 times the thick of board.

• Mobile scaffold rest on firm ground and height not more 4

times the least base dimension.

• Metal scaffold not to be erected in dangerous proximity of

any electrical transmission line.

• While mobile scaffold is in use the wheel should

be
suitably blocked.
• Vertical pipes extended at least 1 m above work platform.
STAGING ERECTED ON
UNEVEN GROUND

SCAFFOLD erected on SCAFFOLD placed over

wooden members concrete blocks continued...
STAGING ERECTED ON
UNEVEN GROUND

This support is not adequate!

STAGING ERECTED IN VICINITY OF
DRAIN CHANNEL
PLANKS NOT PLACE
AT RIGHT ANGLE
WORKING AT THE UNSECURED
EDGE
WORKING PLATFORM WITHOUT MID-RAIL & TOE
GUARD
INSUFFICIENT BRACINGS
INADEQUATE
SUPPORT BEARING
DAMAGED SCAFFOLDING PARTS
SCAFFOLD ERECTED
ABOVE
ELECTRICAL CABLE
SCAFFOLD ERECTED NEAR
TRANSMISSION LINE
 MATERIALS HANDLING
ON SCAFFOLDS
• Any materials taken onto the platform must be handled
properly

• Do not allow debris to accumulate on platforms

MATERIALS HANDLING ON SCAFFOLDS

• If materials start to pile up above toe boards, the scaffold

may need additional falling object protection

• Secure any liquid or powdery materials to guard

against spills

continued...
MATERIALS HANDLING ON SCAFFOLDS

• Take extra precautions in windy conditions

• During storms or high winds, a competent person must

determine if it is safe for employees to be on the scaffold

• Use tag lines or equivalent measures to control any

swinging loads that are being hoisted onto or near scaffolds
 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

• Inspect scaffolds scaffold components for visible

defects
and before each shift

• Inspect scaffolds after any occurrence that could affect a

scaffold’s structural integrity
HANDLING DAMAGED COMPONENTS

Damaged or weakened scaffolds must be

• immediately repaired or replaced

• Braced

• removed from service until repaired

 PERSONAL FALL
ARREST SYSTEMS
• The PFAS must meet the requirements in the regulation
on Fall Protection (29 CFR 1926.502(d))

• When used on a scaffold, attach the PFAS to a vertical or

horizontal lifeline or to a structural member

continued...
 PERSONAL FALL
ARREST SYSTEMS
When vertical lifelines are used, they must be

• anchored to a safe fixed point

• independent of the scaffold

• protected from sharp

edges and abrasion

continued...
 PERSONAL FALL
ARREST SYSTEMS
Horizontal lifelines must be
• secured to two or more structural members of
the
scaffold

• looped around both suspension independent

suspension
and lines above the hoist and brake

continued...
 PERSONAL FALL
ARREST SYSTEMS
Vertical lifelines, independent support lines, and
suspension ropes
• must not be attached to each other

• cannot use the same anchorage point

PROTECTION FROM
FALLING OBJECTS

Employees must be protected from

• Falling hand tools

• Debris

• other small objects

continued...
PROTECTION FROM
FALLING OBJECTS

Protection is gained through the installation of

• Toe boards
• Screens
• Guardrail systems
• Debris nets
• Catch platforms
• Canopy structures that contain or deflect the falling
objects

continued...
PROTECTION FROM
FALLING OBJECTS

• When the falling objects are too large, heavy, or massive

to be contained, keep objects away from the edge of the
surface

Barricade areas to protect the employees working below

from the hazards of falling

• Tools
• Material
• equipment

continued...
PROTECTION FROM
FALLING OBJECTS

• Install a toe board along the edge of platforms more than

10 feet above lower levels

• Protect the workers below when equipment or materials

are piled to a height above the top rail or toe board on a
scaffold’s platform
 SEQUENCE
OF ERECTION
 SCAFFOLDS CONSTRUCTION
REQUIREMENTS
• All materials should be as per BS standard
• Inspected materials
• Ground condition
• Light/medium/heavy or special duty
• Height of scaffold
• How many working platform
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SCAFFOLD
DESIGN

• Self weight and intended weight

• Wind Forces
• Overturning
• Ties Loads
• Forces on the anchors and guys
• SWL of components
 SCAFFOLD LOCATION
Before erecting a scaffold, check the location for
• ground conditions
• overhead wires
• Obstructions
• variation in surface elevation
• tie-in locations and methods.

Checking the location thoroughly beforehand will eliminate

many of the problems that develop during erection and
will allow erection to proceed smoothly, efficiently, and
safely.
 FOOTINGS
• Support the load without settling or displacement
- Level
- Sound
- Rigid

• A mud sill isn’t needed on a

concrete surface or dry compacted
soil. Always need the base plate.
 UNSTABLE FOOTING EXAMPLES

Cardboard, sticks, blocks, rocks or bricks aren’t a sound method of

leveling
UNSTABLE FOOTING EXAMPLES
 STEP # 1
ERECTION OF POST/STANDARDS
• VERY LIGHT DUTY- .75 KN/M – 1 WORKING PLATFORM – 3 BOARDS
– 2.7 BAY LENGTH

• LIGHT DUTY – 1.5 KN/M – 2 WORKING PLATFORM – 4 BOARDS –

2.4 BAY LENGTH

• GENERAL PURPOSE DUTY – 2.0 KN/M – 2 WORKING PLAT+ 1

LIGHT – 5 BOARDS – 2.1

• HEAVY DUTY – 2.5 KN/M – 2 WORKING PLAT+ 1 LIGHT – 5

BOARDS
– 2.0

• – 1.8
MANSONARY – 3.0 KN/M – 1 WORKING PLAT+ 1 LIGHT -6
continued...
BOARDS
 STEP # 1
ERECTION OF POST/STANDARDS

• Verticality is important as it is transmitting entire load

to ground

• Base plate

• If required sole plate on the soft ground

continued...
 STEP # 2
INSTALLATION OF FOOT TIE
• Foot tie at 150 mm above the ground

• By load bearing coupler

continued...
 STEP # 3
SECOND ROW POST/STANDARDS

• Second row post like first row and not less than 1.2 m
and not more than 2.7 m between two row

• Joined by load bearing coupler and foot tie in the

same way

• Two rows are held by foot tie now and ready for
further construction.

continued...
RIGHT ANGLE/LOAD
BEARING COUPLER

Nut and bolt upside

continued...
 STEP # 4
FIXING LEDGER
• Horizontal pipe fixed along the row

• At vertical distance of 2 m from the foot tie level ie lift

height. Lift height 2 m is common for all scaffolds
construction

• Held the a row of post vertically in position

• Now ledger are fixed for every row in the same way

continued...
STEP # 5
FIXING TRANSOM

• Pipe fixed two rows of standards/posts

• By load bearing coupler

• Above the ledger and held the two rows of post in place

• Transom through standard to standard is called main

transom and between two main transom is called
intermediate transom/board bearer

continued...
STEP #6
LEDGER AND MAIN TRANSOM

• Repeat the fixing of main transom and ledger at every 2

m height.

• Intermediate transom shall be required only when

boarded platform is required

continued...
STEP # 7 INCREASING HEIGHT

• The required height may be attended in the same way

repetition.

• Pipe are joined by sleeve coupler

• Joint shall be staggered means falling in different bay

length

continued...
Not staggered

continued...
 STEP # 8
FIXING BRACING
To make the scaffold more rigid
• Facade or Sway brace- To stop scaffold swaying, From
base to full height between 35to 55 degree. One such be
fitted every 30 m or less

• Longitudinal bracing required at intervals not more than

30
m. Whenever possible divide into complete series of
triangle

• Ledger bracing alternate pairs of standards. Any pair of

ledger which are ledger braced should be in triangular form
continued...
 FACADE OR SWAY OR
DIAGONAL BRACE
• Facade or Sway brace- To stop scaffold swaying, From base
to full height between 35to 55 degree. One such be fitted
every 30 m or less

continued...
 CROSS OR LEDGER BRACE
• Rigidity, Diagonally across the ledger, directly on the stds.
Must be connected to every lift to the stds using swivel
coupler

continued...
BRACING

continued...
continued...
continued...
continued...
STEP # 9 FIXING
TIES

• Except for tower and mobile scaffolds

• Secures scaffolds moving inwards or outwards
• Load bearing couplers
• To the building or structure by pipe
• Not more than 30 feet horizontally and 26 feet
vertically
• At least 50 % of ties should be positive

continued...
 USE OF TIES

• A tie, links the scaffold to a building and is provided to resist the inward
and outward movement of the scaffold and also to give some
additional longitudinal stability.

• Scaffolds fitted with sheeting, tarpaulins, etc. will be subjected to extra

stress due to wind pressure and will require more ties.

• Fitted ties normally pass through openings into the building,

although
alternative methods of tying can be employed.
continued...
THROUGH TIE(POSITIVE)

continued...
BOX TIE

continued...
continued...
REAVEL TIE

continued...
 STEP # 10
PLATFORM/BOARDED LIFT

• Platform to be fully planked

• Resting on at least three pipes
• Plank shall extend not less than 6 inches and not
more 12 inches from the support
• Plank to be secured by clamp to prevent
displacement
• Free from obstruction
• Not to be overloaded

continued...
PLATFORM SPECIFICATIONS

• Each working level fully planked; no more than 1”

gaps
• Minimum platform and walkway width of 18”
• Overlap planks between scaffold sections by at least
12”
• Extend end over support 6” min. (Maximum end
extension 12”)
• Don’t paint planks since they will hide defects
• Front edge within 14” of the work, or
guard rails or fall protection must be used.
EXAMPLES OF IMPROPER
SCAFFOLD PLANKING
Scaffold platforms must be fully planked with no gaps greater than
one inch.
(and this employee needs fall protection)

Gaps too wide between

planks
PLANKS CAN’T EXTEND MORE THAN 18”
BEYOND THEIR SUPPORT

If it’s not adequately secured, it can tip if you walk out past the
support.
If a plank extends too far past the support because it’s too
long, barricade access to the hazardous area.
 STEP # 11
TOE BOARD
• Toe board at least 4 inches high around the platform

• Normally a scaffold Board is used

continued...
 STEP # 12
FIXING GUARD RAIL

• Guard rail not lees than 36 inches or more than 42

inches high

• Mid rail in at the middle on all the open sides

• By load bearing couplers

continued...
STANDARD GUARDRAIL

continued...
REQUIREMENTS FOR
GUARDRAILS

• Guardrails consist of toprail, midrail and falling object

protection, such as a toeboard
• The toprail must be between 38” – 45” high and
withstand a 200 lb. force
• The midrail must be installed midway between the top
edge and the platform surface and
withstand a 150 lb. force
• A toe board, when used, must be 3 ½
inches tall and able to withstand a 50 lb.
force. Barricades at base of scaffold
can
be substituted for toe board
GUARDRAILS

• Cross bracing or “X” brace can substitute for top rail or midrail but not both

• Cross bracing is acceptable in place of a midrail when the crossing point of two braces is between 20 inches and 30

inches above the work platform.

• Cross bracing can be used as a top rail when the crossing point is between 38 inches and 48 inches above the work

platform.

• The end points at each upright must be no more than 48 inches apart.
STEP # 13 FIXING ACCESS

LADDERS
• Five rungs or one meter above the platform
• Vertical distance two landing should not be more than
9m
• Ladder erected 1:4 Horizontal/ vertical or 75 degree to
ground
• Securing or Lashing of Ladder
• Ladders type-Pole Ladder, Extension ladder consist of
two Ladder coupled, Aluminum Ladder most versatile
but not for electrical work

continued...
 STEP # 14
FINAL INSPECTION AND TAGGING
• SCAFFOLDS MUST BE INSPECTED BY A COMPETANT
PERSON
• BEFORE FIRST USE
• AFTER SUBSTAINTAIL ALTERATION
• AFTER ANY EVENT LIKELY TO HAVE AN EFFECT
THEIR STABILITY FOR EXAMPLE LIKE STRONG WIND
• AT REGULAR NOT EXCEEDING SEVEN DAYS
• ANY FAULTS MUST BE PUT RUGHT

continued...
MODULAR SYSTEM
SCAFFOLDS

• The advantage that modular

systems have over tube
and clamp is that they do
not require the high degree
of expertise.

• Once the base is set, the

erector does not have to
worry about the location of
connections

continued...
CUP-LOCK SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

continued...
CUP-LOCK SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

continued...
CUP-LOCK SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

continued...
CUP-LOCK SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

continued...
CUP-LOCK SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

continued...
CUP-LOCK SYSTEM SCAFFOLD
 SECURING

• If the base width is wider than 3’, the first tie will
be a vertical distance of 4 times that (from the
ground), and every 8 m (26’) thereafter
- Example
- base width = 1.5 m (5’)
- first vertical tie will be (1.5 x 4) = 6 m from
the ground

continued...
 SECURING
• Guys, ties, and braces shall be installed at each end of the
scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to exceed 9 m (30’).

For example, on
this scaffolding
which extends the
length of the
hotel, horizontal
x x
braces will be x x x
installed at the 30’
red marks. <30’ 30’
<30’
continued...
 SCAFFOLD BOARDS
The minimum amount by which any scaffold board
should overhang any putlog or transom must be no less than 50
mm.
The maximum overhang varies with the thickness of the scaffold
board used and must be

• Be freefrom splits,shakes, excess knots, paint,

oil or
concrete
• Be usually 225 mm wide and not less than 220 mm
• Not be painted or otherwise treated to conceal defects
• Be banded or nail-plated at ends
• Be supported by putlogs or transoms at the
appropriate spacing
• Overhang at least 50 mm, but not more than
four times
thickness of the board, unless secured from tipping
 WOODwood
Damaged PLANK INSPECTION
planks include:
Rot - "squishy" feel, or powdery appearance from termite damage
Cupping of 3/8" or more on a 10" wide or 1/2" or more on 12" wide plank.
Crook of more than 5/16”, bow of more than 7/16” or twist of more than ¾” on a
10’ long 10” board.
Wane of more than ¼ the width and ¼ the thickness for more than ¼ the
length of the plank.
A split that has a length of 1 ½ times the board width or more.
Knots that are more than 1 ½” diameter if loose or 2” diameter if tight on a 10”
plank.
A notch cut into a plank more than 1/3 the plank width.
Any saw kerf cut across the plank weakens the plank by the depth of the cut.
The problem may not be noticed if the plank is later laid with the cut side down.
 PLANK LOAD CAPACITY
4 times the intended load + scaffold weight
Planks must not deflect more than 1/60 of span when
loaded
 LANDING PLACES
All landing places must be of adequate dimensions

If a person is liable to fall, landing places must be provided with

• a guard-rail at a height of not less than 910 mm
• an intermediate guard-rail
• a toe-board which is at least 150 mm high
• the space between the toe-board and
guard-rail, or between any two guard-rails must not
exceed 470 mm
 DO’S &
DO NOT’S
 MOVING A SCAFFOLD

• Unless so designed, scaffolds cannot be moved horizontally

while employees are on them

• Follow the requirements at 1926.452 for mobile scaffolds

www.fortishse.com
15a
 ERECTING/DISMANTLING
SCAFFOLDS
• Employees must be trained and experienced in erecting and
dismantling scaffolds

• Employees working on supported scaffolds must be provided

with safe access

• A competent person must determine if providing safe access

is feasible based on site conditions and the type of scaffold

continued...
 ERECTING/DISMANTLING
SCAFFOLDS

• For employees who are erecting supported scaffolds,

hook-on or attachable ladders are to be installed as
soon as possible

• End frames with horizontal members that are parallel,

level, and not more than 22 inches apart vertically may
be used as climbing devices for access

• Cross braces on tubular welded frame scaffolds must not

be used as a means of access or egress during erecting
or dismantling work

continued...
 ERECTING/DISMANTLING
SCAFFOLDS
• Employers are required to provide fall protection
for employees erecting or dismantling supported
scaffolds

• A competent person must determine the feasibility

and safety of providing fall protection for employees
 USING SCAFFOLDS
• Don’t work during storms or high winds
• Use tag lines on swinging loads
• Protect suspension ropes from heat & acid

A covered scaffold has special

wind load considerations
SCAFFOLD COLLAPSE CAN HAPPEN

The safety of a scaffold is highly dependent

upon being built right in the first place.
When scaffolds fail, they fail in a
catastrophic way and can cause many
serious injuries or deaths depending
on who is on or around it when it fails.
 LOADING ON SCAFFOLDS
Any working platform on a scaffold should not be
so loaded that it gives rise to a danger of collapse
or to any deformation, which could affect its safe
use.
The scaffold should be checked periodically to
ensure that the loads are within the permissible
limits.
Scaffold fittings must not be oily or greasy. This
will cause frictional resistance to be lost
The correct spanner must be used, and used in
the correct manner, otherwise the screw threads
may be over stressed
Scaffold fittings and tubes must be free from
corrosion or other patent defects.
 DAMAGE SCAFFOLD PARTS
Damaged or weakened parts must immediately be
• Repaired, replaced, braced to meet minimum
strength
OR
• Removed from service until repaired
 ERECTING, MOVING, ALTERING OR DISMANTLING SCAFFOLDS

Must be supervised and directed by a competent person

Must be done by trained employees selected by a

competent person
UNACCEPTABLE

•SCAFFOLD EXAMPLE
Shore or “lean to”

• Also, a competent person must approve

the use of dissimilar metals

• Intermixed scaffold components must fit
together without force and not effect
the structural integrity of the scaffold.
This is an example of a lean-to scaffold.
In this picture, the workers have a shore
scaffold on top of another shore scaffold.
Access is unsafe both from above and below.
The only thing holding this scaffold up is the
DUMPSTER!
BASE PLATE & MUDSILL
REQUIRED
PROPER SCAFFOLD BASE
MASONRY BLOCKS & BRICKS NOT
ACCEPTABLE AS SCAFFOLD BASE
 NEVER ON MASONRY!

• Scaffolds should never be

set on bricks, masonry
blocks, etc.

• These are not structural

elements and could crush
under the scaffold load.
 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM
• Each platform on all working levels must be fully planked and
secured to prevent movement.

• No more than a 1” space between decking/platform units and

upright supports.

• Wood scaffold planks must be nominal 2” x 10”.

• Must be Scaffold Grade Planks or equivalent.

SCAFFOLD GRADE
PLANK STAMP
THE END
THANK YOU