BSR 552- CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY I

TOPIC 5
TEMPORARY WORKS & SERVICES

DATE: 30 / 4 / 2021
 WHAT IS TEMPORARY WORKS
▪ Temporary works according to BS 5975 ( Code of
Practice for Temporary Works Procedures and the
Permissible Stress Design of Falsework) as
engineered solution used to:
a) Support or protect an existing structure or the
permanent works during construction
b) Support an item of plant or equipment
c) Support an excavation
d) Provide access
Underpinning Shoring
 EXAMPLE OF TEMPORARY WORKS
▪ EARTHWORKS
-Trenches, excavation, temporary slopes, stockpiles,
cofferdams and etc.
▪ STRUCTURES
-Formwork, falsework, propping, façade retention,
needling, shoring, edge protection, temporary bridges,
site hoarding, signages and site fencing
▪ EQUIPMENT / PLANT FOUNDATIONS
-Tower crane bases, supports, anchors, ties for hoists,
and piling platforms
EXAMPLE OF TEMPORARY WORKS
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION & HANDLING /
ELEVATED ACCESS
 INTRODUCTION
▪ During construction, building access is very ▪ Scaffolding
important for the movement of workers, ▪ Cranes
material, plant and machinery either inside or
outside of the building. ▪ Derricks

▪ The good access of workers to the working area ▪ Gondolas / Swinging

stage
during construction is necessary, if not, climbing
stairs is the only option ▪ Hoist

▪ Materials, workers and machineries need to be ▪ Elevator

lifted to the working area properly and efficiently
▪ Helicopter
▪ Thus a proper equipment is needed for this ▪ Rubbish Chute .
purpose.
 SCAFFOLDING
▪ A temporary working platform erected around the perimeter
of a building structure usually constructed from steel or
aluminium alloy tubes clipped or coupled together to provide
a means of access to high level working areas as well
providing a safe platform from which to work
▪ Supported from the ground or on a floor slab or platform
▪ Remain static and difficult to move
▪ Types of Scaffolding:
-Putlog scaffolds -Truss-out scaffolds
-Independent scaffolds - Gantries
-Cantilevered scaffolds
BASIC COMPONENTS
 PUTLOG SCAFFOLDING
▪ A putlog scaffold consists of a single row of standards, parallel to the face of
the building and set as far away from it as is necessary to accommodate a
platform of four or five boards wide, with the inner edge of the platform as
close to the wall as is practicable. The standards are connected by a ledger
fixed with right angle couplers and the putlogs are fixed to the ledgers
using putlog couplers.
▪ The blade end of the putlog tube (or putlog adaptor) is normally placed
horizontally on the brickwork being built, taking care to use the maximum bearing
area.
▪ They are only suitable for new work in bricks or blocks.
 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING
▪ An independent scaffold consists of a double row of standards, with each row parallel to the
building. The inner row is set as close to the building as is practicable. The distance between
the lines of standards should be the minimum necessary to accommodate the required
number of boards and toe boards.
▪ A variation may be adopted in which the row of standards nearest to the building can be set
back about 300 mm from the building face. This means that one of the boards of the platform
can be laid between the inside row of the standards and the building face.
▪ The standards should be connected with ledgers parallel to the building and fixed with right
angles couplers. Transoms are then fixed to the ledgers with putlog couplers to support the
recommended platform widths.
▪ Sole boards and base plates should be used under each standard as recommended.
Ledger bracing is generally fixed to alternate pairs of standards. Sway bracing is required at
intervals not exceeding 30 M. The scaffold should be tied into the building at the frequency
recommended.
 CANTILEVERED SCAFFOLDING

▪ A cantilevered scaffold is an independent tied standing scaffold constructed in

accordance with the BPG but erected from cantilevered beams out from a building
or structure. Cantilevered scaffolds using a beam type arrangement must be
designed by a chartered engineer.
▪ Needles should be secured by through bolting (divider bars), anchoring, or
propping between the needle and the floor above. Where possible the
inboard part of the needle should be at least 3 times the outboard length.
The base of the scaffold should be tied to the needle as close as practical to the
locating U-head jack.
▪ All practicable steps need to be taken to protect the area below the cantilever
during the erection and dismantling process. Additional precautions such as full
planking and plying the base lift of the scaffold, kickboards and screening should
be used to prevent the dislodgement of materials from the working platforms.
 TRUSS OUT SCAFFOLDING

▪ A form of independent tied scaffold used where it is impracticable, undesirable

or uneconomic to build a scaffold from ground level.
▪ The supporting scaffold structures is known as the truss out.
▪ Requires special skills and should therefore always be carried out by trained
and experienced personnel.
▪ Figure B shows a scaffold erected out a window opening of a building. A
propping tower is erected between two concrete floors with a needle transom
(tube) extending through the opening. The cantilever effect of the weight of the
intended scaffold is transferred to the lower window opening as shown.
 GANTRIES SCAFFOLDING

▪ These are elevated platforms used when

the building being maintained or under
construction is adjacent to a public
footpath
▪ A gantry over a footpath can be used
for storage of materials, housing
units of accommodation and
supporting an independent scaffold
 CRANES
▪ These are lifting devices designed to raise materials by means of rope
operation and move the load horizontally within their limitations of any
particular machine.
▪ The range of cranes available is very wide and therefore choice must be
based on the loads to be lifted, height and horizontal distance to be covered,
time periods or lifting operations, utilisation factors and degree of mobility
required
▪ Types of crane:
▪ Mobile Crane
▪ Static Crane
▪ Tower Crane
TYPES OF JIB
TYPES OF BASE
 Cruciform base ballasted

EXPENDABLE BASE

Cruciform base un ballasted

CRUCIFORM BASE
MOBILE CRANES- SELF PROPELLED CRANES

▪ Mobile cranes mounted on a

wheeled chassis and have only
one operator position from which
the crane is controlled and the
vehicle driven
MOBILE CRANES- LORRY MOUNTED CRANES

▪ Mobile cranes consists of a lattice or

telescopic boom mounted on especially
adapted truck or lorry.
▪ Have two operating positions: the lorry
being driven from a conventional front cab
and the crane being controlled from a
different location.
▪ The lifting capacities can be increased by
using outrigger stabilizing jacks.
MOBILE CRANES- MOUNTED LATTICE JIB CRANES

▪ These cranes follow the same basic

principles as the lorry mounted
telescopic cranes but they have a
lattice boom and are designed as
heavy duty cranes with lifting
capacities in excess of 100 tones.
 MOBILE CRANES- TRACK MOUNTED CRANES

▪ These machines can be a universal

power unit rigged as a crane or a
purpose designed track mounted
crane with or without a fly jib
attachment.
▪ The latter type are usually more
powerful with lifting capacities up to
45 tonnes.
▪ Can travel and carry out lifting
operations on most site without the
need for special road and hardstands
provisions but they have to be rigged
on arrival after being transported to
site on a low loader lorry
 STATIC CRANE-MAST CRANE

▪ Similar in appearance to the

familiar tower cranes but they have
one major difference in that the
mast or tower is mounted on the
slewing ring and thus rotates
whereas a tower crane has the
slewing ring at the top of tower
and therefore only the jib portion
rotates.
▪ Self erecting, of relatively low lifting
capacity and are usually fitted with
luffing jib.
 TOWER CRANES
▪ Most tower cranes have to be assembled
and erected on site prior to use and can
be equipped with a horizontal of luffing jib.
▪ Wide range of models available often
makes it difficult to choose a crane
suitable for any particular site but most
tower cranes can be classified into one of
four basic groups:

▪ Self Supporting Static Tower Cranes

▪ Supported Static Tower Cranes
▪ Travelling Tower Cranes
▪ Climbing Cranes
TOWER CRANES- SELF SUPPORTING STATIC TOWER CRANES

▪ High lifting capacity with the mast

or tower fixed to a foundation base
▪ Suitable for confined and open
sites
TOWER CRANES- SUPPORTED STATIC TOWER CRANES

▪ Similar in concept to self supporting

cranes and are used where high
lifts are required, the mast or tower
being tied at suitable intervals to
the structure to give extra stability
and open sites
TOWER CRANES- TRAVELLING (RAIL MOUNTED) TOWER CRANES
• Mounted on power bogies running on
a wide gauge railway track to give
greater site coverage.

• Only slight gradients can be

accommodated therefore a reasonably
level site or specially constructed
railway support trestle is required
 TOWER CRANES- CLIMBING CRANES

▪ Used in conjunction with tall buildings

and structures.
▪ The climbing mast or tower is housed
within the structure and raised as the
height of the structure is increased.
▪ Upon completion the crane is
dismantled into small sections
and lowered down the face of the
building
 DERRICKS

▪ The Derricks crane is a simple and

inexpensive solution for lifting
heavyweights (10 tonnes or more) at
long radius (up to 30m)
▪ Two types:
▪ Guy Derrick
▪ Scotch Derrick
 GUY DERRICKS
▪ Guy Derrick has several guys (cable
ties) that holding up the mast and to
help slewing of the cranes boom.
▪ The other ends of the guys are
anchored to the building structure.
▪ The boom is hinged to the base of
the mast.
▪ Winches located at the mast base
use to derrick the boom and hoisting
the load
GUY DERRICKS
 SCOTCH DERRICKS

▪ Similar in design to the guy derrick

except that it has a shorter mast and
a longer boom.
▪ It is stabilized by having its two
backstays to be loaded with ballast
 GONDOLAS OR SWINGING STAGE

▪ These consists of a working platform in the form of a cradle which is

suspended from cantilever beams or outriggers from the roof of a tall
building to give access to the façade for carrying out light maintenance
work and cleaning activities.
▪ The cradles can have manual or power control and be in single unit or
grouped together to form a continuous working platform. If grouped
together they are connected to one another at their abutment ends
with hinges to form a gap of not more than 25mm wide.
▪ Many high rise building have a permanent cradle system installed at roof
level and this is recommended for all buildings over 30m high.
 HOISTS
▪ These are designed for the vertical transportation of materials, passengers or
materials and passengers.
▪ Materials hoists are designed for one specific use (i.e. The vertical transportation
of materials) and under no circumstances should they be used to transport
passengers.
▪ Most material host are of a mobile format which can be dismantled, folded onto the
chassis and moved to another position or site under their own power or towed buy
a haulage vehicle
▪ Passenger hoists are designed to carry passengers although most are capable
of transporting a combined load of materials and passengers within the lifting
capacity of the hoist
▪ A wide selection of hoists are available ranging from a single cage with rope
suspension to twin cages with rack and pinion operation mounted on two sides of a
static tower.
 ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
▪ These move on tracks.
▪ They are more stable and
have higher capacities as
compared with a gondola
 RUBBISH CHUTE

▪ Used to direct disposals of debris from various

floor to the bin on the ground floor
▪ The simple concept of connecting several
perforated dustbins.
▪ The tapered layered cylinders are produced
from reinforced rubber with chain linkage for
continuity. Overall length are generally
1100mm,providing an effective length of 1m.
▪ Hoppers and side entry unit are made for
special applications
 HELICOPTER

▪ When it is not possible to use crane

to lift the topmost part of the building
(such as telecommunication tower
mast) helicopter becomes a viable
solution despite its very high cost
SAFETY SYSTEM FOR TALL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

▪ The great heights, strong winds at heights and constricted working space
make fatal falls and collisions very possible.
▪ Most accidents in a worksite are categorized under :
▪ “falls of person”
▪ “workers struck by falling objects”
▪ Accidents may result in high direct and indirect costs:
▪ Direct Costs: medical costs, workers’ compensation and other insurance
benefits.
▪ Indirect Costs: reduced productivity, job schedule delays, damage to
equipment and facilities, low morale among workers and possible
additional liability claims
 FALLS OF PERSON
▪ Measures against fall of persons:
▪ A working platform should
be provided to workers whenever
practicable, should be adequate
width, carrying capacity and with
sufficient guardrails to afford a safe
and steady foot hold and handhold.
The width should not be less than
635mm and toe-boards must be
provided.
▪ Safety belt and life lines; in the
case where platform cannot be
provided for reasons of space
constraint.
 FALLING OBJECT

▪ Measures against person struck by

falling objects include:
▪ Good housekeeping and minimizing
debris being generated, hence less falling
materials.
▪ Systematic and regular disposal of
accumulated debris, provisions of perimet
er overhead shelter.
▪ Access and egress shelters to building :
provision of safety net sand provision
of pedestrian walkway or hoarding
▪ The compulsory wearing of safety helmets