TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

DRAFT
 TEMPORARY WORKS
• Definition
• Temporary works are the parts of a construction project that are needed to
enable the permanent works to be built. These temporary structures are
usually removed after completion of the permanent works.

• Temporary works includes:

• Scaffolding
• Shoring
• Formwork
• Underpinning
 SCAFFOLDING
• Scaffolding is defined as any structure, framework, swinging stage, suspended
scaffolding, or boatswain’s chair, of a temporary nature, used for the support or
protection of workers engaged in construction work or for the support of materials used
in connection with any such work.
• This includes any plank, coupling, fastening, fitting or device used in connection with the
construction, erection, or use of scaffolding..
• Suitable and sufficient scaffold shall be provided for all work that cannot safely be done
from the ground or from part of the building or other available means of support
• There are many different types, these include:
• Single scaffolding
• Double scaffolding
• Needle scaffolding
• Trestle scaffolding
• Suspended scaffolding
• Steel scaffolding
• Patented scaffolding
 SINGLE SCAFFOLDING
• It is also referred to as brick layer’s scaffolding, and is mostly employed in
brick masonry.
Its components consist of ledgers, standards, and putlogs.
• They are placed 1.2 meters from the wall, and are parallel to it.
• Standards are 2 to 2.5 meters apart from each other.
• Ledgers are connected vertically to the standards, and are placed 1.2 to 1.5
meters apart.
• Putlogs are extracted from a hole in the wall and are located 1.2 to 1.5 meters
apart.
• Wooden boards and braces are some of the other components used in a brick
layer’s scaffold.
SINGLE SCAFFOLDING
SINGLE SCAFFOLDING
 SINGLE SCAFFOLDING
Advantage
• Its putlogs are connected to the structure being built making it rigid and much safer
than free standing scaffolds, as they are prone to falling over in windy weather
conditions.
• A single scaffold requires lesser components for set up, which makes it simple and
easy.

Disadvantage
• Because it uses the building itself for support, you can erect the next scaffold only
after the brickwork has set. This requires some wait, and makes the process of using
this scaffold quite slow.
• putlogs in a single scaffolding leave holes in the wall of the structure. Therefore, even
after the building is completed, there are still holes left to fill up.
• With a putlog scaffold, you cannot reach a significant height. Keeping all these
points in consideration, a single scaffolding does not have any major advantage
over the other types of scaffolding systems.
 DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING
• Double scaffolding is also referred to as mason’s scaffolding. This type of
scaffolding is generally stronger and provides better support for construction
works as compared to single scaffolding.
• Double scaffolding differs from single scaffolding in that it features two rows
of standards separated by ledgers for better support. This is considered
stronger, thus, making the double scaffolding a more popular choice for
many construction jobs.
• The first row of standards in the double scaffolding is fixed near the wall while
the second row of standard is fixed slightly farther from the wall at a distance
of about 1.5 meters from the first row.
• To make the scaffolding stronger and more durable, transoms are placed on
the ledgers along with cross braces.
 DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING

• It is because of the two rows of standards touching the ground that this
framework is referred to as double scaffolding.
• While one end of putlog is normally fixed in holes made in the wall in case of
single scaffolding, putlogs are not fixed with the wall in double scaffolding.
• Instead, putlogs are supported on ledgers at both ends of the scaffolding.
This way, double or mason’s scaffolding is totally independent of the surface
of the wall.
• There’s also absolutely no need to put holes on the wall’s surface.
DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING
DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING
 NEEDLE/CANTILEVER
SCAFFOLDING
Cantilever scaffolding is also referred to as needle scaffolding. The reason for
this is that a needle supports the entire scaffold.
• Needle scaffolding proves highly effective in situations such as:
• When the ground surface does not allow for a conventional scaffold set up.
• When the project is on the side of a busy road or street that cannot be blocked.
• When construction or maintenance is required at a great height.
• A needle, in this case, is made of timber, and is extended out or
cantilevered from holes in the wall of the building being constructed.
• The needle is fully braced on all sides to prevent it from lifting up or tipping
over.
• Workers employed on a cantilever scaffold must have safety harnesses for
maximum protection.
 NEEDLE / CANTILEVER
SCAFFOLDING
• Cantilever scaffolding is highly cost effective and time effective in situations
where the surface does not allow for a regular scaffolding system.
• In normal circumstances where the ground surface is stable and leveled,
erecting a conventional scaffolding system is possible.
• Conventional scaffolds are usually erected on a frame or a base plate that
rests on a stable surface.
• Where the surface is unstable or weak, cantilever scaffolds provide an
excellent solution. Examples of such a surface include glazed roof, sloping
roof, and stairs.
NEEDLE/CANTILEVER
SCAFFOLDING
 SCAFFOLDING HAZARDS
• GENERAL HAZARDS
• Falling Off
• Unsecured Wheels
• Unsecured Surface
• Struck-by accidents from above
• Falls from elevation
• Scaffold collapse
• Bad planking
 SCAFFOLD SAFETY
• The scaffold must be erected with cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or
combination.
• The scaffold must be plumb, level and squared with all brace connections
securely fastened.
• Always use guardrails.
• Evaluate all aspects when moving a scaffold including ground conditions.
• Check that the scaffold is properly pinned, locked and secure.
• Know your surroundings and watch for hazards above such as power lines.
• Inspection by competent person before each work shift.
 SHORING
• The term “Shoring” is applied to construction of the temporary structure required to
support an unsafe structure.
• It can be vertical, angled or horizontal.
Objectives of shoring
• When a wall shows signs of bulging or leaning outwards, shoring is necessary to
prevent any further development of defects
• When a wall cracks due to uneven settlement of foundation, shoring is necessary to
support floors or roof connected to the wall so as facilitate repairs or replacement of
the wall.
• Shoring is necessary to support the superstructure when large openings are to be
made in main walls.
• Shoring may be necessary when an adjacent wall/building is to be demolished and
rebuilt.
 SHORING
There are three types of shoring, namely:
• Raking shore
• Flying shore
• Dead shore

• Raking shore – is a system of giving temporary support to an unsafe wall. The

most effective support is given if the raker meets the wall at an angle of 60 to
70 degrees. A wall plate is used to increase the area of support.
• Typical components includes : Rakers / inclined members; wall plate;
needles; cleats; bracing; sole plates.
RAKING SHORE
 FLYING SHORE
• Flying or Horizontal shores
• Horizontal supports are provided for supporting temporarily the parallel walls
of two adjacent buildings, which may collapse or suffer damage when one
of the intermediate buildings has to be dismantled and rebuilt.
• If walls are close to each other (less than 9 meters), single flying shores can
be used.
• Double flying shores are used for distances up to 12 meters.
FLYING SHORE
FLYING SHORE
 DEAD SHORE
Dead Shores
• In this system the vertical members known as “dead shores” are used to
support temporarily the walls, roofs, floors, etc. by supporting horizontal
members known as needles.

• This is used in the following situations:

• To rebuild the lower part of a defective load bearing wall.
• To replace or deepen existing foundations which have either become unsafe or
require strengthening for carrying heavier loads.
• To create large openings in existing walls.
DEAD SHORE