TEMPORARY

STRUCTURES
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INTRODUCTION
• Temporary structures are used to carry loads or to give
access to the workmen during repair or construction of
building
• The temporary works include:
• Propping
• Strutting
• Scaffolding
• shoring
PROPPING
• They are used to support building while still under
construction
• They are available in different sizes and types
• Based on usage these props can be segregated into the
following
1. ACROW PROP
• these are used for medium loads construction
PROPPING
2. TILT PROPS:
• tilt props are a versatile and
economic propping system for
bracing and aligning concrete
elements such as prefabricated
walls, as well as other general
shoring applications.
• Tilt props (also known as push pull
props) cater for a large range of
lengths and capacities. Tilt props
have a large adjustable range with
fine adjustment possible with the
thread, which helps ensure little
play. The high strength to weight
ratio means the props are easily
manoeuvred and installed onsite.
PROPPING
3. TITAN PROPS:
• Titan props are a great choice of
temporary propping system in
limited access environments where
very high load bearing combined
with easy handling are paramount to
the job.
• Titan props are mostly made of
aluminium material which makes
them easy to carry
• It can carry loads upto 8 times to its
weight
• its ability to work in both tension
and compression provides versatility
of use in a range of applications.
PROPPING
4. TRISHORE PROP:
• Trishore props support heavy vertical loads at
considerable heights and are therefore ideal for
heavy duty shoring and underpinning in a range of
construction
• Positioned in groups, trishores can support
exceptionally heavy and concentrated loads
including multiple suspended floors in high-rise
structures or even bridge applications.
• Trishores also have the advantage of providing
clear access over obstructions or access ways,
providing additional flexibility onsite.
While bearing very heavy loads trishores allow fine
adjustment by screw jacks and consist of lightweight
sections (with three intermediate section lengths
available), thereby providing advantages in labour
and transport.nvironments.
PROPPING
• Mond props
USES OF PROPPING MATERIALS / EQUIPMENTS:
• Props may be a various materials
• Bamboo prop used for lighter structures
• Sal bullah prop : easily available and easy to handle. these props are
stronger and don’t easily buckle
• Timber prop: timbers used are sal, pine, deodar or any hard wood.
these can be erected and removed easily
• Steel prop : these are fabricated from steel tubes of required dia.
speed erection and removal.
• Props are used for simple renovation
• Replacement of materials in small areas
STRUTTING
• Strut is a bar or a rod forming part of a
frame work and designed to resist
longitudinal compression.
• STRUTTING is a method of giving a
temporrary support to the side of
trench,when the depth of trench is large or
when the sub soil is loose.
• Strut made from timber is used for a
support or a brace of scantling lighter than
a post or in roof framing.
• Strut channel made from steel, aluminium
or fibre reinforced plastic is used heavily in
building industry and often used heavily in
the support of cable tray and other forms
of cable management.
STRUTTING
• struts may be vertically plumb or leaning
and may be straight or curved.
• In piping, struts restrain movement of a
component in one direction while allowing
movement or contraction in another
direction.
• Strutting provides outward facing support in
their lengthwise direction which can be
used to keep other components separate
performing the opposite function of 'tie'.
• strutting or blocking between floor joists
adds strength to the floor systems.
SCAFFOLDING
• Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary
structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in
the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges
and all other man made structures.
SCAFFOLDING
• Following are types of Scaffolding in
construction:
•  
• a. Single scaffolding
• b. Double scaffolding
• c. Cantilever scaffolding
• d. Suspended scaffolding
• e. Trestle scaffolding
• f. Steel scaffolding
• g. Patented scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
1. Single Scaffolding
• Single scaffolding is generally used
for brick masonry and is also called
as brick layer’s scaffolding. Single
scaffolding consists of standards,
ledgers, putlogs etc., which is
parallel to the wall at a distance of
about 1.2 m. Distance between the
standards is about 2 to 2.5 m.
Ledgers connect the standards at
vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
Putlogs are taken out from the hole
left in the wall to one end of the
ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an
interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
SCAFFOLDING
2. Double Scaffolding
• Double Scaffolding is generally used
for stone masonry so, it is also called
as mason’s scaffolding. In stone
walls, it is hard to make holes in the
wall to support putlogs. So, two rows
of scaffolding is constructed to make
it strong. The first row is 20 – 30 cm
away from the wall and the other
one is 1m away from the first row.
Then putlogs are placed which are
supported by the both frames. To
make it more strong rakers and cross
braces are provided. This is also
called as independent scaffolding.
SCAFFOLDING
3. Cantilever Scaffolding:
• This a type of scaffolding in which the standards
are supported on series of needles and these
needles are taken out through holes in the wall.
This is called single frame type scaffolding. In the
other type needles are strutted inside the floors
through the openings and this is called
independent or double frame type scaffolding.
Care should be taken while construction of
cantilever scaffolding.

• Generally cantilever scaffoldings are used under

conditions such as
• When the ground does not having the capacity to
support standards,
• When the Ground near the wall is to be free from
traffic,
• When upper part of the wall is under construction.
SCAFFOLDING
4. Suspended Scaffolding
• In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended
from roofs with the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be
raised or lowered to our required level. This type of scaffolding
is used for repair works, pointing, paintings etc..
SCAFFOLDING
5. Trestle Scaffolding
• In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on
movable tripods or ladders. This is generally used for work
inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a height
of 5m.
SCAFFOLDING
6. Steel Scaffolding
• Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed
together by steel couplers or fittings. It is very easy to
construct or dismantle. It has greater strength, greater
durability and higher fire resistance. It is not economical but
will give more safety for workers. So, it is used extensively
nowadays.
SCAFFOLDING
7. Patented Scaffolding
• Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are
equipped with special couplings and frames etc., these are
readymade scaffoldings which are available in the market. In
this type of scaffolding working platform is arranged on
brackets which can be adjustable to our required level.
SCAFFOLDING
• Based on the materials, they majorly of two types
• a. Timber - In timber scaffolding, support for the planks is
provided by a timber frame fabricated and erected at the site.
The frame may consist of vertical posts, horizontal longitudinal
members, called ledgers, transverse members supported by the
ledgers, and longitudinal and transverse cross-bracing. The
planks rest on the transverse members.
• b. Steel - Tubular scaffolding of steel or aluminum has largely
replaced timber scaffolding on most construction projects.
Tubular scaffolding can easily be erected in any shape, length, or
height. Sections may be mounted on casters to provide a highly
mobile staging. The scaffolding may be enclosed with canvas or
plastic sheeting for protection against the weather.
•  
SHORING
SHORING:
• The constructions of a temporary support provided to an
unsafe structure or to a structure undergoing alterations is
called shoring
• Temporary shoring is generally made of timber but for heavier
loads, steel beams or braced sections are also used
SHORING
Shoring is used when the sustainability of a structure is
endangered due to unequal settlement of its foundation,
dismantling of the adjacent building due to defective and
bad temporary supports to a structure which is undergoing
alterations
TYPES OF SHORING:
• Following are the different types of shoring:
1. Raking or inclined shoring
2. Flying or horizontal shoring
3. Dead or vertical shoring
 
SHORING
• RAKING OR INCLINED SHORING:
• This shoring consists of
inclined members known as rakers,
needles, cleats, braces, wall plates etc.
• The rakers are supported at the bottom
on a sole plate and their tops are fixed
to the wall with the help of needles and
cleats
• Rakers are strengthened by braces
• The topmost raker is called rider raker
• Rakers are placed at 45° with the ground
• Suitability: raking shoring is used to
support the unsafe or unstable part of a
structure
SHORING
• FLYING OR HORIZONTAL SHORING:
• This shoring consists of a
horizontal beam, known as horizontal
strut and the inclined members known as
struts.
• The struts are fixed to the one end to the
wall plate with the help of needles and
cleats
• The end of the struts are supported with
the help of wedges and straining beams
• Suitability: flying shoring is used for
supporting walls of two adjacent buildings
temporarily
SHORING
SHORING
• DEAD OR VERTICAL SHORING:
This shoring consists of vertical members which are
placed outside the walls of a building undergoing alterations. These
vertical members are called dead shores
• They rest on horizontal piece called sole piece
• The horizontal members passed through walls are called needles
• Props are provided between the needles and the floor to support them
• The dead shores and prop are tightened by means of wedges
• To provide large opening in the wall, holes 1.5m to 2m apart are made in
the wall at points little above the required height of the opening
• Through these holes, timber or steel beams called needles are inserted
• Dead shores which rest on a continuous timber sole piece are firmly
bedded on ground
• Wedges may be inserted either at top or at bottom of the vertical posts
to tighten them
SHORING
• Suitability: vertical shoring is used for supporting temporarily
the walls for rebuilding or deepening of the foundation or to
provide large openings in walls for doors and windows
LIVE STUDY