A SUMMER INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION

ON
SIGNALLING & TELECOMMUNICATION
TAKEN AT
NORTH WEST RAILWAY -JAIPUR

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 Contents
Introduction to Indian Railways
Introduction to Optical Fibers
Fiber Optic Communication
Optical Fiber Construction
Modes of Optical Fiber
Working of OFC
Advantages & Disadvantages of Optical Fibers.
Application of OFC in Railways
Microwave Communication
Application of Microwave in Railways
Conclusion
Reference
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Introduction to Indian Railways

 Indian Railway is a department owned and controlled by the

Govt.of India, via the Ministry of Railways.
 Indian railway is divided into zones, which are further divided
into divisions.
 Jaipur is the zonal headquarter of the North Western Railway
zone
 The formal inauguration ceremony of IR was performed on
16th April 1853 with the first passenger train steamed out of
Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 36 km .

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 Optical Fiber
 An optical fiber ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fiber
that carries light along it’s length.

 It has two main component layers: a) Core & b)

Cladding.

 Light is kept in the “core” of optical fiber.

 Cladding is for the protection of fiber.

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Fiber Optic Communication
 In this technique electric signal is converted into light
waves by using LASER DIODE or LED.
 The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that
is modulated to carry information.
 The light enters from one end of optical fiber and
through multiple reflections it reaches to the other
end.

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Total Internal Reflection

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 Optical Fiber Construction
 Core: Thin Glass Center of
the fiber where light travels.

 Cladding: Outer Optical

Material surrounding the
Core.

 Buffer Coating: Plastic

Coating that protects the
Fiber.
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 Material Used
The “Core” , & the lower refractive index
“Cladding” , are typically made of high
quality silica glass, though they can be
both made of plastic as well.

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 Fiber Optic Layers
Consists of three concentric sections.

plastic jacket glass or plastic

fiber core
cladding

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 Index Profile
 The boundary between the core and cladding may either be
abrupt, in step-index fiber or gradual, in graded-index fiber
 A step-index fiber has a central core with a uniform refractive
index. An outside cladding that also has a uniform refractive index
surrounds the core;
 However, the refractive index of the cladding is less than that of
the central core.
 In graded index fiber the index of refraction in the core decreases
continuously between the axis and the cladding. This causes light
rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding, rather than
reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding boundary.
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 Fiber Optic Cable
Types:-
 Single-mode Fiber:
Carries light pulses
along single path.

 Multi-mode Fiber:
Many pulses of light
Generated by LED
At different angles.
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 Mode of Fibers
Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one signal
per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They
have small cores(9 microns in diameter) and
transmit infra-red light from laser.

Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many

signals per fiber (used in computer networks).
They have larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter)
and transmit infra-red light from LED.
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Working Of OFC

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Advantages of Optical fiber.
 Thinner than other tubes.
 High Carrying Capacity.
 Provides a very large Bandwidth
 Less signal distortion
 Non-inflammable
 Light Weight

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Fiber Optic Disadvantages.
 Expensive over short distance

 Very high Installation charges

& demands high skills.

 Adding additional nodes is

difficult.

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 Use of OFC in Railways.
 To optimize train scheduling.
 Traffic light monitoring.
 For linking of telephone exchanges.
 Control communication.
 Signaling application for safe transmission.
 In data transmission circuits.

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 Microwave Communication
 The international telecommunications system
relies on microwave and satellite links for long-
distance international calls.
 Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose
frequencies range from 3 GHz to 300 GHz.
 There are large number of bands in microwave
region.
 Microwave communication is known as a form
of "line of sight" communication, because there
must be nothing obstructing the transmission of
data between these towers for signals to be
properly sent and received.
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Microwave Transmitter and Receiver

The voice, video, or data channels are combined by a

technique known as multiplexing to produce a BB signal.

This signal is frequency modulated to an IF and then up

converted (heterodyned) to the RF for transmission
through the atmosphere.

The reverse process occurs at the receiver. The

microwave transmission frequencies are within the
approximate range 2 to 24 GHz.

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Block Diagram Of Microwave
Center

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Application Of Microwave In
Indian Railways
Controlling of trains.

To give correct running and stopping information of

the trains.

It help the railway staff to communicate for this

purpose.

 Stations on average of 40 km can communicate with

each other by microwave.

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 Conclusion
I also captured the knowledge about the controlling of
typical railway network proceed between many junction
station.
I have gained the knowledge of the microwave
communication used in railway.
I feel I got the maximum out of that experience. Also I
learnt the way of work in an organization, the importance
of being punctual, the importance of maximum
commitment, and the importance of team spirit

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Reference
www.indianrailway.com/communication/optical_fibre
.html
www.scribd.com
www.engineersgarage.com

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