Computer Networks-Lab

HAREEM ASLAM
hareem.aslam@pucit.edu.pk
Layered Tasks

• We use the concept of layers in our daily life.

• As an example, let us consider two friends who communicate through
postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be
complex if there were no services available from the post office.
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
The OSI Model
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late
1970s.

2.4
Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.
Seven layers of the OSI model
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Seven layers of the OSI model
My password is ”cnlabf18@oldcampus#”
Seven layers of the OSI model

Adfdgfh*dkfg$jjhd#
Seven layers of the OSI model

Adfdgfh*dkfg$jjhd#
Seven layers of the OSI model

TL - INFO - Adfdgfh*dkfg$jjhd#
Seven layers of the OSI model

NL – INFO - TL - INFO - Adfdgfh*dkfg$jjhd#

Seven layers of the OSI model

DL- INFO - NL – INFO - TL - INFO –

Adfdgfh*dkfg$jjhd#
Seven layers of the OSI model

011100010010101000010101101010100010101
 It enables the user to access the
network resources.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY
APPLICATIONS LAYER
 File Transfer and Access Management
(FTAM).
 Mail Services.
 Directory Services.
 It is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information
exchanged between two systems.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY PRESENTATION
LAYER
 Translation

 Encryption

 Compression
 It establishes, maintains, and
synchronizes the interaction among
communication devices.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY SECESSION
LAYER
 Dialog control
 Synchronization
 It is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY
TRANSPORT LAYER
 Port addressing
 Segmentation and Reassembly
 Connection control
 End-to-End Flow control
 Error control
 It is responsible for delivery of data from
the original source to the destination
network.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY NETWORK
LAYER
 Logical Addressing
 Routing
 It is responsible for moving data
(frames) from one node to another
node.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY DATA LINK
LAYER
 Framing
 Physical Addressing
 Flow Control
 Error Control
 Access Control
 It is responsible for transmitting bits over a
medium. It also provides electrical and
mechanical specifications.
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY PHYSICAL LAYER
 Physical characteristics of the media
 Representation of bits
 Data rate
 Synchronization of bits
 Line configuration
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode
Summary of layers
SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER
File Transfer and Access Management (FTAM), Mail
Services, Directory Services.

Translation, Encryption, Compression

Dialog control ,Synchronization

Port addressing, Segmentation and Reassembly,

Connection control, End-to-End Flow control. Error control

Logical Addressing , Routing

Framing, Physical Addressing, Flow Control, Error

Control, Access Control
Physical characteristics of the media, Representation of bits,
Data rate, Synchronization of bits, Line configuration,
Physical topology, Transmission mode
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in
the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and
application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data
link, network, transport, and application.

2.26
Differences between OSI and TCP / IP Reference Models

• OSI model is a generic model that is based upon functionalities of each layer.
TCP/IP model is a protocol-oriented standard.
• OSI model distinguishes the three concepts, namely, services, interfaces,
and protocols. TCP/IP does not have a clear distinction between these three.
• OSI model gives guidelines on how communication needs to be done, while
TCP/IP protocols layout standards on which the Internet was developed. So,
TCP/IP is a more practical model.
• In OSI, the model was developed first and then the protocols in each layer
were developed. In the TCP/IP suite, the protocols were developed first and
then the model was developed.
• The OSI has seven layers while the TCP/IP has four layers.
TCP/IP and OSI model
ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet

employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.

2.31
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.32