Sampling

Basic Terms
Sampling
The process of using a small number of items or parts of a large population to
make conclusions about the whole population.

Sample
A subset or some part of a large population.
Population
A complete group of entities sharing some common characteristics.
Aggregate of objects with some common characteristics of interest is
called population/ statistical population or universe.

Population element An individual member of a population is called

element.

Sampling unit is one of the units selected for the purpose of sampling.
Population Size
Total number of population elements

Finite and Infinite Population

Limited number of elements
Un-limited number of elements ( stars, red blood cell)

Discrete and Continuous Population

Countable
Not countable but measureable
Census
An investigation of all the individual elements
making the population.

 Sample Survey
Study of sample is called sample Survey
Purpose of sampling
Why Sample the Population

The basic purpose of sampling is;

To obtain maximum information about
the characteristics of population with in
less time, cost and effort.
Destructive nature of certain Products.
Save time
Save cost
Physically impossible to study all items
 Quality of study is often better with sampling due to better
supervision and better data processing.
Types of Sampling

Probability Sampling
Non- Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
 Cluster Random Sampling
Probability sampling

A sampling design which is based upon the

concept of random selection. A sampling
technique where every member of population
have known and equal chances of selection.
Example
If we toss a coin we definitely know that there
are two known chances;
50% chance is head
50% chance is tail. Its probability is ½
Types of probability Sampling
 Simple random probability sampling
 Complex random probability sampling

Simple random sampling

*Lottery Draw

In Such types of situation we will use S.R.S;

• It must be based on generalized result.

• When our population is homogeneous
• We have less time and less resources
• Population frame is clear
Complex Random Sampling

CRS is used in the following situations;

Population is not homogenous (divided
into groups and subgroups)
Types of CRS
 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Cluster sampling

 Area sampling
 Double sampling
Systematic random sampling
“According to this approach we will select the member
of the sample on the basis of a particular system”
System means selecting every nth element in the
population starting with a randomly chosen element
between 1 to N.

Example
Suppose range is 1----N is(1—14)
And we make a system as n=3rd
3,6,9,12
Stratified Random Sampling
This sampling approach is used when our population
consist upon the groups having different characteristics.
Stratified sampling is a probability sampling design that
first divides the population into homogenous subgroups
(strata) and then subjects are chosen randomly from each
subgroup(stratum).

Example
In an organization suppose we want to analyze the role of
management normally the management can be divided
into various
Groups in the following way;
Suppose total population of the organization is 700
Group A = top management ------- 10
Group B = middle management-----30
Group C = lower management-----50
Group D = clerks -------500
Group E = office assistant ------20
Group F = supervisors ------20
Cluster random Sampling
“A probability sampling design in which
sample is chosen on the basis of intra-
group heterogeneity and inter-group
homogeneity.”
Area sampling
Sometimes our variable of interest is concerned with
geographical area.
“ area sampling is actually a form of cluster sampling within
an area when the research is concerned to population within
identified geographical area such as cities, countries,
particular locality the process of sampling will be called area
sampling.
Double Sampling
 A process which includes collecting data from a sample
using previously defined techniques based on the
information from a sub sample for further analysis.
 This plan is used when further information is needed from
subset of the group from which same information has already
been collected from the same study.
Example
A report is prepared about the cricket performance of Pakistanis in
2005. to get a more precise report another report is prepared using
the information from the report. This is an example of double
sampling.
Non- Probability Sampling
 The process of selecting a sample from a population without
using (statistical) probability theory.

 NOTE THAT IN NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Each element/member of the population DOES NOT have an
equal chance of being included in the sample, and The
researcher CANNOT estimate the error caused by not
collecting data from all elements/members of the population.
Non probability Sampling

We use non probability sampling techniques in following

situation;
 Less concern with generalization
 Mostly concern is to feel the situation
 We have limited time and need the quick information
Let's say that the university has roughly 10,000
students. These 10,000 students are our population
(N). Each of the 10,000 students is known as a unit,
but it’s hardly possible to get known and select
every student randomly.
So, here we can use Non-Random selection of sample
to produce a result, it is called sampling.
Example
Let's say that the university has roughly 10,000 students. These 10,000
students are our population (N). Each of the 10,000 students is known as a
unit, but it’s hardly possible to get known and select every student
randomly. So, here we can use Non-Random selection of sample to produce
a result, it is called sampling.
Types of Non-probability Sampling

 Convenience Sampling
 Judgment Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Also called accidental sampling

The sampling procedure of obtaining the people or units that are most
conveniently available
Selecting easily accessible participants with no randomization

Example
In our example of the 10,000 university students, if we were only interested in
achieving a sample size of say 100 students. we may simply stand at one of the
main entrances to campus, where it would be easy to invite the many students
that pass by to take part in the research. So, it is very easy (Convenient) to select.

Pepsi get information from the sample that is easily available .

Judgment Sampling
 Also called purposive sampling
 An experienced individual selects the sample based on his or her
judgment about some appropriate characteristics required of the
sample member.
 OR
 Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective or
subjective sampling, reflects a group of sampling techniques that
rely on the judgment of the researcher; when it comes to selecting
the units that are to be studied.

 For Example Specific People, Specific cases/organizations, Specific

events, Specific pieces of data)
 Quota Sampling
 Ensures that the various subgroups in a population are represented on the basis of
predefined sample characteristics To the exact extent that the investigators desire

 Selecting participant in numbers proportionate to their numbers in the larger

population, no randomization.

 For example ; The number of students from each group that we would include in
the sample would be based on the proportion of male and female students
amongst the 10,000 university students. (Proportion; 50 male & 50 Female or
40 Female & 60 Male)
Example
 The selection of the sample is made by the researcher, who
decides the quotas for selecting sample from specified sub
groups of the population.

 For example, an interviewer might be needed data from 40

adults and 20 adolescents in order to study students’
television viewing habits. Selection will be

 20 Adult men and 20 adult women

 10 adolescent girls and 10 adolescent boys
Snowball Sampling
 A variety of procedures
 Initial respondents are selected by probability methods
 Additional respondents are obtained from information provided
by the initial respondents

 Selecting participants by finding one or two participants and then

asking them to refer you to others.

 For example; Meeting a homeless person, interviewing that

person, and then asking him/her to introduce you to other
homeless people you might interview.
 Types of Simple
Random Sampling

Sampling with replacement and

Sampling without replacement
 Sample unit is drawn , observed and return back before next
unit is drawn

 Sample unit is drawn , observed and discarded

 Sampling ERROR

SAMPLING ERROR The difference between a

sample statistic and its corresponding population
parameter.
Parameter and Statistics
 Any Calculation from Population is Called Parameter

 Any Calculation from Sample is called Statistics

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SAMPLE MEAN

 A probability distribution of all possible sample means of a

given sample size.
Possible number of Samples

Sampling Without Replacement

Sampling With Replacement

N= Number of elements in Population

n= Number of Elements in Sample
Factorial
 It is the product of all natural numbers upto that number.

4! = 4*3*2*1 =24

3!= 3*2*1 = 6
Combination
 Selection

A,b,c

Ab,ac,ca

= 3!/2(3-2)! = 6/2=3
Standard Error of the means / Standard
deviation of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean
Sampling With Replacement
Standard Error of the mean / Standard
deviation of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean
Sampling Without Replacement
The Central Limit Theorem
, the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately a
normal distribution( bell- shaped) . This approximation improves with
larger samples.
Estimations and
Confidence Intervals
POINT ESTIMATE FOR A
POPULATION MEAN

 POINT ESTIMATE The statistic, computed from sample

information, that estimates a population parameter.
Confidence Intervals for a population Mean

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL A range of

values constructed from sample data so that the
population parameter is likely to occur within
that range at a specified probability. The
specified probability is called the level of
confidence.
 To compute a confidence interval for a population mean, we will
consider two situations:

1) We use sample data to estimate μ with x and the population standard

deviation (σ) is known.

2) We use sample data to estimate μ with x and the population standard

deviation is unknown. In this case, we substitute the sample standard
deviation (s) for the population standard deviation (σ).
 Population Standard Deviation,
Known σ
 The results of the central limit theorem allow us to make the following
general confidence interval statements using z-statistics:

1.Ninety-five percent of all confidence intervals computed from random

samples selected from a population will contain the population mean.
These intervals are computed using a z-statistic equal to 1.96.
2.Ninety percent of all confidence intervals computed from random
samples selected from a population will contain the population
mean. These confidence intervals are computed using as a
statistic equal to 1.65.
 Calculate Confidence Interval
 1. First, we divide the confidence level in half, so .9500/2 = .4750.
 2. Next, we find the value .4750 in the body of Table 9–1. Note that .4750
is located in the table at the intersection of a row and a column.
 3. Locate the corresponding row value in the left margin, which is 1.9, and
the column value in the top margin, which is .06. Adding the row and
column values gives us a z value of 1.96.
 4. Thus, the probability of finding a z value between 0 and 1.96 is .4750.
 5. Likewise, because the normal distribution is symmetric, the probability
of finding a z value between −1.96 and 0 is also .4750.
 6. When we add these two probabilities, the probability that a z value is
between −1.96 and 1.96 is .9500.