The Evolution of Management Thought

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management:

 
In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, The
Principles of Scientific Management, in which he described
how the application of the scientific method to the management
of workers greatly could improve productivity.

Scientific management methods called for optimizing the way

that tasks were performed and simplifying the jobs enough so
that workers could be trained to perform their specialized
sequence of motions in the one "best" way.
Taylor's 4 Principles of Scientific Management:
 After years of various experiments to determine optimal work
methods, Taylor, the father of Scientific Management proposed the
following four principles of scientific management:

Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a

scientific study of the tasks.

Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than

passively leaving them to train themselves.

Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed

methods are being followed.

Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the
managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work
and the workers actually perform the tasks.
F.W. Taylor's contribution to organizational theory:

This required an organization theory similar for all practical

purposes to that advocate by those organizational theorists who
followed. These theorists developed principles of management,
which included much of Taylor's philosophy:

Taylor’s framework for organization was:

clear delineation of authority
responsibility
separation of planning from operations
incentive schemes for workers
management by exception
task specialization
Henri Fayol: the Father of Modern Management
Theory:

The first expert of Administrative Management Theory

was Henri Fayol (1841-1925). Fayol is called the "Father
of Modern Management".

Henri Fayol was a French industrialist and a management

consultant. He started the functional approach to
management.

The other management experts who contributed to the

Administrative Management schools are Mary Parker
Follett, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, James Mooney, Alan
Reiley, Oliver Sheldon, Ernest Dale, etc.
Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management :
Henri Fayol in his book titled "Industrial and General Administration"
published in 1916, gave following 14 principles of management :-

Division of Work
Discipline,
Authority and responsibility,
Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest,
Remuneration,
Centralization,
Order,
Equity,
Initiative,
Esprit De Corps(Team spirit)
Stability of Tenure,
Unity of Direction,
Scalar Chain(It refers to the line of command from top level to the lowest
level)
Unity of Command.
Henri Fayol also classified (divided) the
business activities into :-

Technical,

Commercial,

Financial,

Accounting,

Security, and

Managerial Activities.
According to Henri Fayol, there are five
functions of management, viz.,

Planning,

Organizing,

Commanding (Directing),

Coordinating, and

Controlling.
According to Fayol, a manager requires the following
qualities and skills :-

Physical Qualities,

Mental qualities,

Moral qualities,

General education,

Special knowledge, and

Work Experience