BECAUSE …………

The end user is…

Known ???
• TO MAKE LIFE COMFORTABLE
• TO ACCOMMODATE EMERGING NEEDS
REQUIREMENTS
• TO GENERATE INTEREST
• TO ATTRACT ATTENTION
• TO PROGRESS AND INNOVATE …

ARE DESIGNED….
DESIGN IS EVERYWHERE…….. AND IN EVERYTHING ……..

AND
WE DESIGN FOR………

Think about the user & his needs

IS DESIGN SAME …..?

THE BASE OF DESIGN IS DATA …….
THE VITRUVIAN MAN
SIZE

&

SCALE
• Spaces
• Furniture
• Vehicles
• Products
• Appliances
OPERATION AND
• Gadgets
USABILITY
• Accessories
Static
PERFORMING TASKS OR ACTIVITIES REQUIRES USE OF PARTS
& JOINTS OF OUR BODY AND EFFORT ON WHICH DEPENDS
EFFICIENCY AND ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE WITHIN A CONTEXT
……………….SPACE
 Dynamic
Reaches : in order to VERTICAL Reaches:
perform better
Reaches : in order to Horizontal Reaches: Dynamic
perform better
 Dynamic
Reaches : in order to VISION AND NECK Reaches:
perform better
Body parts mobility
 ROM & DOF
----
RESTRICTIONS
• Type of
Clothes
• Age
• Gender
• Disabilities / injury
• Climatic
conditions
• Preoccupancy with
something else …
To perform tasks / activities we take different postures
& to takethose postures body movement is required& for
movement to take place space is required ,in other words clearances
:
• The task
• The user
• The behaviour / response
• The environment
• The equipment
IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE TO THE PERFORMANCE , OUTCOMES ,
EXPERIENCE , HEALTH AND EFFICIENCY OF A USER …
For completing a task

IF .
.
.
.
.
.
.
DESIGNING
IS
THOUGHTFULL
Y DONE .
DESIGN IS EVERYWHERE…….. AND IN EVERYTHING ……..
AND WE DESIGN FOR ………

Think about the user & his needs

PHYSICALLY ABLED PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED

• People come in all
shapes and sizes

IS DESIGN
SAME …..FOR ALL
HENCE …….
DESIGN SHOULD
BE
ACCOMMODATIVE
REACHES : WITH AN AID…… OR LIMITATIONS
LEFT HANDED PEOPLE RIGHT HANDED PEOPLE
Disability …………………
A condition / function judged to be significantly impaired
relative to the usual standard of an individual or group.
The term is used to refer to individual functioning,
including :

• physical impairment,
• sensory impairment,
• cognitive impairment,
• intellectual impairment
• mental illness, and
• various types of chronic disease.
 A physical disability is a limitation on a person's physical
functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina.

Includes physiological, functional and/or mobility impairments ; Can be fluctuating or

intermittent, chronic, progressive or stable, visible or invisible ;Some involve extreme pain,
some less, some none at all

For the person ………………

Disability is conceptualized as being a multidimensional
experience . There may be effects on organs or body parts and
There may be effects on a person's participation in areas of life.

Mobility and Physical Impairments include

Disability , Manual dexterity , Disability in co-ordination with different organs of the body

• INBORN
• AGE RELATED
• DISEASES • PERMANENT
• ACCIDENTAL
• SHORT TERM
 International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health on 22nd May 2011 by WHO
3 dimensions of disability are recognized in ICF:
Body structure and Participation (and
function (and impairment participation
thereof ) restrictions )

Activity (and activity

restrictions)

The classification also recognizes the role of physical and social environmental
factors in affecting disability outcomes.

SOME INTERESTING STATISTICS

USA There are estimated to be over 11 million INDIA
year 2011, disabled people in the UK - YEAR 2011 ( CENSUS 2011)

2. 1 % OF CIVILIAN POPULATION WERE WITH

Estimated 8.1 percent (= /- 0.2 % ) civilian DISABILITIES
population ,aged 18-64 reported a work limitation. AND IN THIS @ 40% HAD PHYSIACL
DISABILITIES

(Nazarov, Z, Lee, C. G. (2012). Disability Statistics from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics
(StatsRRTC). Retrieved March 2, 2015 from www.disabilitystatistics.org)
 SOME INTERESTING STATISTICS

AGEING POPULATIONS ARE FACING MORE

PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS

UK

SOURCE : WHO
ANTHROPOMETRIC COMPARISON OF VERTICAL REACHES AND GRADIENTS
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED PEOPLE... e.g. PARAPLEGIA HAVE DIFFICULTIES

INDOORS / WITHIN HOMES

• rising from bed,

• getting into their chair,
• dressing below the waist,
• moving from chair to toilet and back
• (and wiping themselves before returning),
• reaching for any items on or above standard-height vanities and kitchen
cabinets and above centerline in refrigerators,
• finding and using common furniture such as couches and recliners,
• and traversing any sort of staircases,
• reaching higher grocery-store shelves and cooler cases,
• getting around in narrow business aisles
• (especially when "normally-abled" people have parked their
shopping carts in the middle of the aisle)…………………
 OUTDOORS / OUT OF HOME
/ COMMUTE

• getting through house doors (especially closing doors behind them),

• getting from door to parking lot over curbs,
• getting from chair to vehicle (sometimes riding in their own chair in a
specially-equipped van),
• driving, exiting their vehicle (usually but not always made easier by a rear-
exit ramp), getting from parking lot into many institutions or places of
business over curbs and up steps and over thresholds,
• reaching over standard-height counters,
• fueling their vehicles at self-serve stations,
• traveling by any form of mass transit (bus, train, airplane),
• passing through metal detectors, (even short)
• vertical blockades (curbs, steps, et al) in general,
• using public restrooms,
• eating in bench-only or counter-only diners,
• using any sort of conventional weighing scales,
• traveling on any unpaved surface (sand, gravel, grass, dirt, mud, etc).
ANTHROPOMETRICS
• The study of the human body
and its movement, often
involving research into
measurements relating to
people.
• It also involves
collecting statistics or
measurements relevant to
the human body, called
Anthropometric Data.
• The data is usually displayed
as a table of results, diagram
or graph. Anthropometric data
is used by designers and
architects.
ERGONOMICS
• The study of people and their
relationship with the
environment around them.
• Measurements, also known as
VS ‘anthropometric data’, are
collected and applied to
designs / products, to make
them more comfortable to use.
• The application of
measurements to products, in
order to improve their human
use, is called Ergonomics.
WHAT IS ERGONOMICS ???
• The term "ergonomics" is derived from two Greek words:
"ergon," meaning work, and
"nomoi," meaning natural laws.

• Ergonomist’s study human capabilities in relationship to work

demands.

• Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned

with the understanding of interactions among humans and other
elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design
in order to : Optimize human well-being & overall
system performance.
 Engineering
Ergonomics Human factors
psychology

Concerned with the Based on scientific

adaptation of the studies of ordinary
equipment and people in work
environment to situations and is applied Is focused specifically
people, based upon to the design of processes on designing
their psychological and machines, to the systems that
capacities and layout of work places, to accommodate the
limitations with the methods of work, and to information-
objective of improving the control of the physical processing capabilities
overall system environment, in order to of the brain.
performance, involving achieve greater efficiency
human and machine of both men and
elements machines.

These fields share the same objectives to optimize the effectiveness and
efficiency with which human activities are conducted as well as to improve the
general quality of life through increased safety, reduced fatigue and stress,
increased comfort, and satisfaction
 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY INDIVIDUALS

SPACE

RESIDENCE COMMUTE WORK RECREATION

EAT READ
SLEEP WRITE PLAY
COOK WALK
SIT READ
CLEAN RUN
STAN SOCIALIZE
READ DRIVE
STUDY D SWIM
SIT
PLAY EXERCISE
STAN WALK
BATHE ETC.
D EXERT
SERVE.
.
.
HENCE A SIMPLE
CLEANING ACTIVITY
FOR AN ABLE PERSON WOULD
ENTAIL FOR EG. THIS SAME
GETTING A BROOM AND A DUST PAN ACTIVITY
GETTING A PAIL OF WATER ALONGWITH ITS
PUTTING THE DISINFECTANT AND BREAK UP OF
MIXING . SWEEPING SUBACTIVITIES
, MOVING , BENDING STRETCHING
FOR A
ETC. TO CLEAN THROUGH THE AREA
SYSTEMATICALLY SO AS TO DO IT
PHYSICALLY
WITH THE LEAST EFFORT. CHALLENGED
GATHER THE LITTER / DUST AND PERSON WOULD
THROW IT IN THE DUST BIN…………… BE MUCH
DIFFERENT
SO PLANNING A SPACE FOR THE WITH
WASTE BIN AND THE BROOM NEEDS DIFFERENT
TO BE PLANNED AS PER THE NEED
REQUIREMENTS.
AND REQUIREMENT OF THE USER AND
HAS A BEARING ON THE EFFICIENT
AND EFFECTIVE OPERATION .
 • Who will be using the design?
It's unlikely to be 'everyone', or people Ideally,  data such as market research
like you. demographics to identify age, sex, and
social aspects.
Then among the characteristics 
defined could be :
• Physical size
• Strength
• Flexibility
• Skills like eyesight and coordination
Also cognitive capabilities like:
• Familiarity with similar designs
• Ease of learning
• Vocabulary
• Familiarity with concepts and
metaphors used in the design.

All these factors influence basic aspects of A design, including its scope, complexity, display
size etc.
If the users are not well known as a group, it may be a good idea to involve some
representatives very early in the process, to make sure that the design does not set off in an
unsuitable direction at the outset.
• What do its users want to
achieve with it?
• This is something to think about because
it may not be quite obvious.
For example the act of using the design
may not form any part of the user's
objectives, or it may be secondary.
• This might guide as to what users are
thinking about as they start using the
design, and thus how to best guide their
attention.

• For many designs it can be helpful to set

a testable criterion for design success,
such as a percentage of users who can
achieve their objective within a certain
time.

• Then it follows that you consider what

happens to those people who cannot
achieve their objectives, and how serious
that is.
 Putting the design in its context can reveal
• Where will it be used? key factors such as: -
• How much time people have to learn,
read labels ?
• What are they expecting ?
• If they will be distracted or under stress
(which can decimate the ability to
learn)
…………
• Whether reading instructions
are required …….
• What the users will be wearing ?
• Things users may be carrying or
holding………….
• What happens to it while it is not being
used……………..
• Temperature, humidity, wind,
light…………….
 The Golden Rule • Test
: .
THE HUMAN FACTORS
RATIONALE
The reasons for
human-factored design becomes obvious when we
use products that don't fit the body—perhaps
Students’
bookpacks.
First, a little discomfort, then over time the body may
adapt negatively to a posture or movement that
violates good body mechanics. Finally, the body
screams, I can't stand the pain! (and heads for the
doctor's office).
Labels on some clothing used to read, 'One size fits
all.' Today, they say, 'One size fits MOST.'
Why? Because many larger- OR smaller-than-
average folks returned ‘fits all’ items, complaining
that the labels were FALSE!
THINK !!!!!
BEFORE YOU DESIGN / PLAN
HUMAN FACTORS ANALYSIS
USER CHARACTERISTICS -
• Collect information about
the users. Knowledge
of the user allows more
effective design and
training to be completed.
For example, the primary
language of many users
may not be English. It
may be beneficial to
provide bilingual screens
and provide training using
an alternate language.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics to consider include:
gender (e.g., placement heights for
workstations may differ depending
on the percentage of users who are
male and female, as average
heights for men and women differ),
age (e.g., icons may be preferred
over text if the system will be used
by children),
physical characteristics (e.g.,
workstation and mouse placement may
differ for left-handed and right-handed
users),
 disabilities…………
• EXPERIENCE CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics to consider include:
 training,
 prior and current job experience,
 academic experience (e.g., users may have previous experience from
training received in school),
 computer literacy.

OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
• Characteristics to consider include:
 work habits (e.g., do users need on-line access to the system outside of
standard work hours?),
 preferences (e.g., what do users like or dislike about their current
system?),
 literacy,
 language skills.
 Have you ever wondered why some products seem to work better
than others? The best products are thought out and tested with
people trying them out in real-life situations.

Better designs mean happy customers, fewer costly redesigns

and less likelihood of accidents or injuries. Because of this,
businesses and organizations need the expertise of human
factors and engineering psychologists, who study how people
behave and use that knowledge to create better processes and
products.

Behavior-based safety programs help companies cut accidents and injuries through systematic
observation, analysis and intervention.Behavior Analyses Help People Work Safer
Behavior analysis increases safe behaviors, reduces risky behaviors and prevents accidental
injury at work and on the road.
Few Americans get enough sleep each night, and the consequences can be disastrous.More
Sleep Would Make Most Americans Happier, Healthier and Safer
Failing to get enough sleep impairs memory and concentration while increasing levels of stress
hormones and disrupting the body's normal metabolism.
APPLICATIONS

BEHAVIOUR : A response of
an individual or group to an
action, environment, person, or
stimulus.
 SOME INSIGHTS

WHEELCHAIR BOUND
PEOPLE USE SHOULDER
JOINTS THE MAXIMUM

 An
extraordinarily
complex
interplay of
joints, tendons,
muscles and
ligaments gives
the shoulder
joint the greatest
range of motion
of all the joints
in the human
body .
Participation in sport and physical activity has
many benefits for everyone:
• Empowerment DID YOU KNOW ?
Seven out of ten disabled people acquire their
• Health and fitness impairment between the ages of 18 and 65. For
• Social inclusion many within this age group, sport or exercise
• Talent development would have already become part of their
lifestyle and they will most probably want to
continue in it after becoming a disabled person.
DID YOU KNOW ?
Adaptations for disabled people are
often an advantage for everyone – for
example, a wider path or door is an
advantage for parents with young DID YOU KNOW ?
children in pushchairs, as well as At least half of disabled people’s
wheelchair users. impairments are hidden so sports
providers should never make
presumptions on who is disabled and
what they can or cannot do.

Remember not all impairments are

visible
COMMUTES AND
PUBLIC PLACES
: MOBILITY
 SOME
DESIGN
SOLUTIONS
 He has impacted the lives of
more than 25 million people; at
least that many bought his
bestselling book, A Brief History
of Time. Besides writing, this
Emeritus Cambridge University
Professor also made great
contributions to the fields of
cosmology and quantum gravity.

Gesture Based Wheelchair Stephen Hawking achieved all of

Control for the Physically Amrita this with the aid of his high-tech
Challenged. wheelchair, among other things.
 WHAT IS WORKSPACE?
• Workspace is the space within which
you perform the tasks that add up to
your job.

If you were cooking dinner , your workspace

would
be the area in the kitchen around the fridge, cooker
and sink.
or
A workspace includes  desk and chair + the area
immediately around when studying .
: SO CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS :

The target group is composed of five major

categories:

(a) Wheelchair users

(b) People with limited walking abilities
(c) The sightless
(d) The partially sighted
OFFICE WORKSTATIONS
COOKING ?
 KITCHEN
WORKSTATIO
N
THE SEVEN BASIC RULES OF ERGONOMICS :
NO. 1.
 7 PRINCIPLES OF ERGONOMIC INTERIOR DESIGN

1. Equitable use: The design is useful and marketable to people

with diverse abilities.
2. Flexibility in use: The design accommodates a wide range of
individual
preferences and abilities.
3. Simple and intuitive use: Use of the design is easy to understand,
regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or
current concentration level.
4. Perceptible information: The design communicates necessary
information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or
the user’s sensory abilities.
5. Tolerance for error: The design minimizes hazards and the adverse
consequences of accidental or unintended actions.
6. Low physical effort: The design can be used efficiently and
comfortably, and with a minimum of fatigue.
7. Size and space for approach and use: Appropriate size and space is
provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of
the user’s body size, posture, or mobility.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.victorianplumbing.co.uk/Disability-Bathroom-Suites.aspx
http://inspirationseek.com/bathroom-for-elderly/
CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-
CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-
CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-
CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-
 CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-
 CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-
• Designers of spaces for living and working
need to know about the intended users of
those areas AND the furnishings. People’s
physical characteristics (size, height, hearing
and vision senses) vary widely. Human
mental capacities and skills, plus emotional
states also differ. As our bodies change with
age, OTHER differences appear.

• Whether a question of wearable products

that fit their users OR workers doing
repetitive tasks for hours on Unadjustable
machines, human differences DO
affect design--and vice versa.

That's why knowing about anthropometrics

and ergonomics is a GOOD THING!

AND FOR THE PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED

MORE SO…………………………………
YOU CAN MAKE THAT
DIFFERENCE BY
DESIGNING USER
FRIENDLY SPACES ,
EQUIPMENT ETC….
AND THAT IS
ERGONOMIC DESIGN