(A) Marine Terminal Unit 1pptx

CARIBBEAN MARITIME
INSTITUTE
Diploma in International Shipping and Logistics
Marine Terminal Operations
Facilitator: Shane Letford

Email: alexletford1990@gmail.com
05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

MARINE TERMINAL
UNIT 1
On completion the students should be able to:
 Describe the role and functions of marine terminals.

 Explain some of the considerations in equipment
selection.
 Discuss the needs for storage areas.
 Discuss safety and emergency response
considerations.
 List the broad categories of studies that are needed in
planning a new terminal.
UNIT ONE – MARINE TERMINALS
• The role and function of marine

terminals
• Terminal development
• Operational planning
• Civil engineering aspects of terminal
design.

Lesson 1 - MARINE TERMINAL
Marine Terminal Define as:
 A marine environment where loading and
unloading, striping and stuffing of ships and
container receiving, handling, holding,
consolidating and loading or delivery of
waterborne shipments or passengers.

MARINE TERMINAL
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of
the US Department of Labour. The agency was established under the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. OSHA's mission is to assure safe
and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards
and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. The agency is
also charged with enforcing a variety of whistle-blower statutes and
regulations.
 OSHA define marine terminal as:

MARINE TERMINAL
 Marine terminal means wharves, bulkheads, quays,
piers, docks and other berthing locations and adjacent
storage or adjacent areas and structures associated
with the primary movement of cargo or materials
from vessel to shore or shore to vessel including
structures which are devoted to receiving,

MARINE TERMINAL
 handling, holding, consolidating and loading or delivery
of waterborne shipments or passengers, including areas
devoted to the maintenance of the terminal or
equipment.

MARINE TERMINAL
The term does not include production or
manufacturing areas nor does the term include
storage facilities directly associated with those
productions or manufacturing areas.

Marine Terminal Operators
Marine Terminal Operators (MTOs) provide
wharfage, dock, warehouse, or other marine
terminal facilities to ocean common carriers
moving cargo in the ocean-borne, foreign
commerce of the United States. MTOs include:

Public port authorities:
That own and maintain the docks and other
facilities, and sometimes directly operate the
marine terminal that ocean common carriers
use.
Private terminal operators:
Companies that lease terminals from a public
port authority (which acts as a landlord) and
operate the leased terminals as a private
business
Roles of a marine terminal are to:

service a country
service an urban area
service a hinterland
service a specific industrial process
Be part of a transportation network.
The term “hinterland” has the general
sense of the district behind that lying
along the coast or along the shore of a
river; the backcountry.

The hinterland is the catchment area from which
a port draws its trade. This means the area from
which it receives goods and commodities to be
shipped and to which it sends the goods and
commodities that are unloaded from ships.

Functions
Some of the many functions that a marine terminal
may perform are: to transfer cargo between:
– ship and shore
– one ship and another; often between ocean-going
vessels and vessels servicing local coasts and islands

– ship and rail

– ship and road (roll on and roll off)
– ship and barge (LASH, SEEBEE, BACAT
and inland barges)
– ship and pipelines

to store cargo (open and closed storage)
to consolidate cargo from individual
consignors to various consignees for
shipment as one overall consignment and,
conversely, break it up for distribution
 to package cargo so that it can be stowed

to partially process raw materials in order to
diminish their weight or volume, simplify
transfer and storage, reduce hazards and
difficulties during transportation, or to
improve and simplify the next stage of their
processing
 to handle passengers.
Factors Governing Terminal Investment
Marine terminals require enormous

investment and go through several years of
planning before they ever get built. Some
of the broad categories of the many issues
that have to be considered in deciding to
build a terminal are:
its location and geography
the availability and cost of labour
 the availability of basic utilities—power,
water, telephones
 its transport links—rail, road, inland
waterways
 its hinterland—business plans, business
forecasts

economic—financial planning, cost-benefit
analyses
 environmental impacts
 social—positive and negative impacts.
Infrastructure for management and workers
—housing, shops, schools, transport,
hospitals…
political—jurisdiction, support and
opposition
Brief History Of Terminal Development
The original terminals were often

ramshackle collections of buildings and
warehouses built along the wharves in line
with the local waterfront. Finger piers
developed in the 19th century when the
supply of unused water frontage dwindled.

Modern terminals are often constructed

away from major urban centres because
the land and open spaces they require is
just not available at the historical sites, or
if it is, only at a prohibitively high cost.

Over time, terminals have evolved from

being general-purpose facilities to highly
specialized and highly mechanized
facilities equipped to very efficiently
handle just one type of cargo such as
liquid bulk, dry bulk, or containers.

Lesson 2 - Operational planning
Equipment
The type of equipment used at marine

terminals obviously depends on the products
to be handled, the weight and dimensions of
the individual units of the product, the
quantities of the product, and the distance of
movement during cargo operations.
Operational planning
Equipment selection involves not only the

acquisition of the equipment (its cost,
performance, delivery time, anticipated
lifetime…) but also the operation and
maintenance of the equipment.

Purchasers need to consider:

reliability
skill level of operators (and hence the cost)

 operator training required
quality of the maintenance manuals

routine maintenance procedures and defect

reporting procedures
 repair and workshop requirements
 spare parts provisioning
average repair times
 equipment replacement plans in the event of
failure.
The size of the inventory of spare parts for

machinery required at the terminal depends
on the location of the terminal. If the
terminal is close to an off-site supply of
spares, then a smaller and less expensive
inventory of spare parts needs to be kept at
the site.
In locations close to established urban areas,

some terminals frequently have routine
maintenance and repairs handled by contract
off site, or at least have the immediate
availability of expert’s specialists if required.

Warehouse And Storage Areas
The type and size of warehouses and transit

areas at terminals are dependent on the
product, its unit size (average
weight/measurement ratio or density of the
cargo mix), floor weight restrictions, and the
throughput
the daily received tonnage equated to the

proposed shipping tonnage, and the under-
roof non-useable space, for example, aisles
for mobile machinery. The requirement for
the building to be sprinklered or not affects
the buildings’ size, design, and cost.

Other factors that go into building specifications

are:
need for road and rail access
peak handling requirements for daily landside
reception and delivery
maximum shipment sizes
 peak vessel throughputs
storage demands—average and maximum

dwell time of cargoes; cargo separation
requirements; cargo storage environmental
controls traffic flow; space for roadways,
railways, aisles for machinery; mobile
equipment turning circles
 need for open spans, free of obstruction.
The type of storage (open or closed) for

bulk cargoes similarly would be dependent
on the product, its special storage
requirements, its chemical composition, and
its susceptibility to fire, explosion,
spontaneous combustion, and weather
Some shippers indicate their preference as to the

form the storage will take, dependent on the type
of mobile machinery that might be required to
handle their product. Tracked vehicles break up
the size of individual granules more easily than
wheeled vehicles, and this degradation can have
negative commercial repercussions.
Material And Storage Areas
Sulphur
 is explosive and supports fire;
consequently, it is stored in outside
stockpiles and not in sheds or silos.
Coal
is liable to spontaneously combust, and it
too is stored in outside stockpiles.
Grain deteriorates in quality when wet, so

it is stored in silos. Grain dust is explosive
and therefore precautionary systems are
supplied in grain elevators to reduce the
chances of explosion.

Liquid chemicals and fuels, most of which

are hazardous, are stored in tanks that are
designed with built-in precautionary
systems—foam systems, ventilation
systems, breakaway construction and
extensive fire-fighting and spillage control
equipment.
The size and construction of container

storage areas is dependent on the
throughput, rate of receipt, rate of
shipment, and calculated storage periods.

The purpose of the terminal is to receive,

store and ship cargo as a link in the chain of
trade, and how well the terminal is designed
to do that can have enormous financial
consequences.

Safety
Safety is an important aspect of the
operation of any industrial plant. In most
countries, both government authorities
and representatives of labour
organisations are involved in ensuring
safety at marine terminals.

Safety
All equipment used has to be operated in a safe

manner, provided with valid safety certificates,
inspected daily before use, and periodically
maintained. Experience has shown that the
introduction and strict enforcement of safety
codes, guidelines, and procedures can reduce
accident frequency.
Safety
All marine terminal workers need to be
trained in the:
terminal’s safety regulations
safe operation of equipment
 handling and the storage of dangerous
goods (IMO regulations)
 use of protective clothing and personal
safety devices

Safety
Required first aid rooms must be provided and
their locations carefully planned. Obviously, if
the terminal is situated close to an area served
by a hospital, then post first aid care is
immediately available. However, if the
terminal’s location is remote from any hospital,
the transportation of injured persons requiring
hospital care requires to05/03/2021
be planned before hand.
COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER
Safety
Ambulances, planes, helicopters, fast

powerboats, or whatever is required must be
available when needed, and the co-operation
of outside agencies, such as police, army,
and navy must also be organized in advance.

Safety
Ambulances, planes, helicopters, fast

powerboats, or whatever is required must
be available when needed, and the co-
operation of outside agencies, such as
police, army, and navy must also be
organized in advance.

Emergency And Disaster Response
Similar plans have to be in place for the

marine terminal’s response to an emergency
or disaster situation at the terminal. Again, if
immediate local assistance in the event of fire
or disaster is available, then prior
arrangements can be made with the relevant
local authorities to service the terminal
accordingly. 05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER
However, if the terminal location is remote

from such assistance, then terminal
personnel, equipped with all necessary
equipment, must be prepared to act as “first
responders” in the event of an emergency.

In remote locations, terminal personnel must be

fully trained, and as necessary, union contracts
have to be negotiated to allow for this extra
requirement. Under some circumstances, fully
trained safety and emergency response
personnel have to be employed on a fulltime
basis
The port authority has to provide:

the necessary infrastructure ( fire hydrants,
telephone lines, access routes, fire-fighting
equipment, and medical centres)
 manpower trained in firefighting, rescue
techniques, and first aid, with access to
information on dangerous substances
 a centre for the coordination of emergency
and disaster handling.
Lesson 3 - Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design
Civil engineering is a major part of terminal planning and

design.
The first step in design is detailed site surveys. The site
surveys will include:
bathymetric survey. Studies of water depth, bottom profiled
obstacles, wrecks…. The results affect the location of berths
and the choice of sea-lanes. Most bathymetric surveys are
carried out by means of high-resolution side-scan sonar
Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design
Topographic survey. Studies of coastal

topography. Results affect type of port, ease
of land access, and extent of usable land.
Topographical survey is required in
conjunction with a hydrographic survey to
establish shore points
meteorological survey. Studies of the dominant

winds, rain fall, visibility, precipitation, ice,
frequency and severity of storms. Most inhabited
regions of the world have weather records. Results
affect orientation of approach channels, harbor
entrances and berths, breakwater design, ship
maneuvering areas, navaids, and productivity
Oceanographic survey. Studies:

offshore wave statistics and local wave
patterns
storm surge amplitudes and frequencies
coastal, estuarine, and tidal currents
tidal statistics
sedimentation
littoral drift (migration of beach material
due to wave action).
The results of these studies affect

breakwater design
profile of channel and harbour bed
profile of banks, beaches, and harbour walls
orientation of channels, piers, berths
maintenance dredging
 quay wall design
requirements for locks and basins
 ship maneuvering requirements
Geo-technical survey. Studies:

seismic soundings of subsoil strata
identification of soil
engineering properties of rock
penetrability and shearing strength of soft
soils.
The results affect the design of terminal

structures and the design and cost of
dredging and reclamation programs

Analysis of water properties.

 Studies the physical chemistry of water,
including salinity, pollution, and turbidity. The
results affect corrosion of structures and
provides data for environmental impact studies
Environmental Impact Study.
Studies marine flora and fauna.
It also studies existing and future land uses.

The results estimate the impact on different
species, fishing, agriculture, and urban
development, leisure activities and historic
sites. The study may also recommend
terminal design changes aimed at reducing
the environmental impact.
Marine Terminal Unit1
THE END
ARE THERE
ANY QUESTION

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CARIBBEAN MARITIME

Diploma in International Shipping and Logistics

Marine Terminal Operations

Facilitator: Shane Letford

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

 Describe the role and functions of marine terminals.

• The role and function of marine

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

 A marine environment where loading and

unloading, striping and stuffing of ships and

container receiving, handling, holding,

consolidating and loading or delivery of

waterborne shipments or passengers.

the US Department of Labour. The agency was established under the

and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. The agency is

also charged with enforcing a variety of whistle-blower statutes and

 OSHA define marine terminal as:

piers, docks and other berthing locations and adjacent

storage or adjacent areas and structures associated

with the primary movement of cargo or materials

from vessel to shore or shore to vessel including

structures which are devoted to receiving,

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

of waterborne shipments or passengers, including areas

devoted to the maintenance of the terminal or

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

The term does not include production or

manufacturing areas nor does the term include

storage facilities directly associated with those

productions or manufacturing areas.

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

Marine Terminal Operators (MTOs) provide

wharfage, dock, warehouse, or other marine

terminal facilities to ocean common carriers

moving cargo in the ocean-borne, foreign

commerce of the United States. MTOs include:

Public port authorities:

That own and maintain the docks and other

facilities, and sometimes directly operate the

marine terminal that ocean common carriers

Private terminal operators:

Companies that lease terminals from a public

port authority (which acts as a landlord) and

operate the leased terminals as a private

Roles of a marine terminal are to:

The term “hinterland” has the general

sense of the district behind that lying

along the coast or along the shore of a

river; the backcountry.

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

The hinterland is the catchment area from which

a port draws its trade. This means the area from

which it receives goods and commodities to be

shipped and to which it sends the goods and

commodities that are unloaded from ships.

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER

Some of the many functions that a marine terminal

may perform are: to transfer cargo between:

– ship and shore

– one ship and another; often between ocean-going

vessels and vessels servicing local coasts and islands

05/03/2021 COMPILED BY MARK BUTLER