Running head: MARINE TERMINAL OPERATIONS

CARIBBEAN MARITIME UNIVERSITY

Kingston,Jamaica(Main Campus)

Assignment submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Bachelor of

Logistics and Supply Chain Management for course MTO302

Assessment 2

Marine Terminal Operations

To

B.Walker

By

Malike Lindsay 20161111

Rushane Powell 20170468

Uchenna Falconer 20190749

Sheldon Dixon 20191048

Group I Year 2 November 16, 2020

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ABSTRACT

The marine terminal is one of the most important facilities existing in the harbour for

handling cargoes. These terminals can facilitate loading, unloading and storing of the

cargoes. For carrying out that purpose different kinds of machinery and equipment are used

in these places. There are several kinds of marine terminals and they have specific duties.

When planning a new terminal some kinds of studies should be done and after that, a proper

design can be selected. First of all, the intended purpose must be considered. In the planning

phase, volume and the traffic to be accommodated are considered and they may also help for

the wet and dry area design. Many safety and emergency considerations are applicable for

this kind of thing and the target should be obtaining the optimal performance by maintaining

the accidents at zero levels. Also, during any kind of activity, considering environmental

sustainability is quite important. So, the possible impacts on the environment should be

pointed out and suitable remedies have to be taken to overcome these problems.

Keyword: Multi-purpose Terminal, cargoes , loading, unloading, machinery

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction to Marine Terminals 1

1.2 Multipurpose Terminals 1

2 Planning Considerations for a New Terminal 3

3 Safety and Emergency Response Considerations 4

4 Design of Wet and Dry Areas 5

4.1 Design of the Wet Area 5

4.2 Design of the Dry Area 5

5 Cargo Flow Inward, Storage and Outward Flow 6

6 Quayside Infrastructures and Superstructures 8

7 Environmental Impacts and Remedies 9

7.1 Climatic Changes 9

7.2 Reduction of Water Quality 9

7.3 Emission of Aerosols 10

7.4 Waste and Material Management 10

7.5 Noise and Vibration Generation 10

8 Types of Machinery Used 11

9 Basic Safety Rules 14

10 Benefits of the Technology 15

11 Reference 16

12 Appendix 17
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List of Figures

Figure 5-1: Cargo Flow in and Around the Multipurpose Terminal 6

Figure 5-2: Perspective of the Multipurpose Terminal Plan 7

List of Tables

Table 8-1: Commonly Used Machinery in Multipurpose Terminal 11

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Introduction

Introduction to Marine Terminals

A marine terminal can be defined as an important facility in a harbour which facilitates

handling of cargoes. They are also named as docks. They consist of the necessary equipment

for the loading and unloading purpose and at the same time, they provide the facility for

storing the cargos. Both the manufacturing as well as the processing facilities are located near

to these marine terminals. However, they are not considered as a part of the particular

terminals. The terminal is independent of the mentioned two types of facilities. Usually, the

ships are stopped in ports when they come to their destination and at that time, they need a

risk free, secure way to load and unload. The marine terminal is the place which facilitates

this particular requirement and the ships can be tied up until they can complete their

requirement.

On the other hand, the duty and the responsibility of the staff of a marine terminal have to be

considered. Some of the duties of the staff are to secure the ships, run the equipment which is

used to move the cargos, managing the storage for cargo, etc.

Marine terminals can be divided into a number of categories as following (Notteboom &

Rodrigue, 2020).

● Break Bulk Terminals

● Dry Bulk Terminals
● Liquid Bulk Terminals
● Container Terminals
● Ro-Ro Terminals
● Passenger Terminals
● Multipurpose Terminals
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These different types of terminals are having their functions and characteristics. In this

particular report, we are going to discuss Multipurpose Terminals. Following sections will

give a comprehensive study on different features related to that.

Multipurpose Terminals
Multipurpose terminals can be defined as a complex of infrastructure, equipment, as well as

services which facilitate a flexible response in order to cater a certain type of cargos and

vessels and they, permit to utilize the manpower and the available equipment in an optimal

level. Usually, when the vessel size and the cargo volume are increased, there is a huge need

for the adaptation of the ports to accommodate them (Daganzo, C. 1990). They are having the

ability to serve efficiently different categories of vessels with different dimensions and

various kinds of cargo (Mokhtar et al., 2019).

When considering a particular type of terminal, there are several kinds of things which have

to be paid attention (DHI, 2020). Some of them are meeting the increasing global needs for

marine transportation, meeting the changing environmental conditions, achieving cost-

effectiveness requirements, ensuring environmental sustainability, obtaining feasibility of

maintenance, etc.
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Planning Considerations for a New Terminal

There are two main things which should be considered when planning a new terminal. The

terminal should be planned in a way as an adaptation of existing facilities or otherwise, the

design of the terminal should be completely a new one. No matter the type of the case, it

should be planned by considering the physical and operational and provision for the siting of

this particular kind of terminal will have been made in general or master plan for the port.

First of all, the volume and the type of the traffic which has to be facilitated should be

considered (Agos, 1991).

Based on the volume, it can come up with two main types as follows.

1. For higher volume: specialized terminal is required

2. For lower volume, general cargo terminal is required

Based on the type of traffic to be accommodated, there are several categories as following

(Elmandili et al., 2014).

1. Forest product
2. Articles and wood cork
3. Wood pulp, newsprint, cardboard
4. Iron, steel
5. Containers and pallets
6. Roll-on cargoes
7. Heavy cargoes

The other planning considerations are location, zoning and the terminal size. By considering

these important factors, a proper planning for a multipurpose terminal can be done.
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Safety and Emergency Response Considerations

During any kind of activity, safety and health play a vital role. When considering the safety

of this particular case, that can come up under two main parts as the safety of the employees

and the safety of the equipment.

When considering the safety zero accidents from both machinery and employee side are

expected. Accidents can occur due to the facility variations, disabilities of doing the required

works and lost work time. Further, they can be identified under several reasons as due to the

large, fast and heavy moving machines, the mixture of equipment and vehicles, 24 hour

working (heavy workload per one employee) and due to the weather changes. The working

environment should be monitored regularly to ensure that there are no possibilities to cause

an accident (Orts et al., 2017). Also, to enhance safety, following measures can be applied

(Rhin, 2010).

● Set up a safety organization

● Establish a safety policy
● Set company safety rules and regulations
● Lay down safe working procedures
● Publish a safety handbook
● Provide safety training
● Organizing safety audits
● Encouraging employees to follow safety regulations by awarding them

In the case of emergency response considerations, four main factors can be identified

as the basic things. They are first aid, fire fighting, emergency rescue and the emergency

services (Leur, 2018).

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Design of Wet and Dry Areas

Design of the Wet Area

Wet area design means the design of the seaside part of the terminal. In designing this part,

traffic management and infrastructure facilities have to be considered. In the case of traffic

management, the planning stage of the terminal can be used because it also focuses on the

traffic and volume of the cargo which should be accommodated once. The wet area and the

dry area should be tallied enough to each other otherwise it may be a wastage of land or water

space or both. Also, if the traffic is not identified properly, there may be two kinds of

inconveniences as a lack of infrastructure to facilitate the demand and the surplus of

infrastructure. In order to balance both the issues, the wet area should be designed by

considering the traffic, volume and the capacity of the land area (Hlali, 2018).

Design of the Dry Area

Designing dry area in the sense arranging the requirements of the land side of the terminal. In

this case, intermodal and hinterland connectivity should be considered. This design also

should be done by considering the traffic and the volume of the cargoes. Some of the above-

mentioned criteria are valid for this case also. In the particular case, the flow of cargoes,

inward, storage and outward is important (Arvis et al., 2018). In order to achieve that long,

circular paths are needed. When considering the hinterland connections, roads, rails and

number of pathways come to the stage. So, the space requirement has to be accounted for in

this design. A proper design of the landside facilitates the handling of a larger amount of

cargoes without any congestion. It also leads to a smoother flow of cargoes (Behdani et al.,

2020).
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Cargo Flow Inward, Storage and Outward Flow

Generally speaking, the movement of cargos depends on the arrival of trucks and the turn-

around on the apron. Smooth truck flow in and around the terminal is key to ensure the high

efficiency of the entire terminal (Paulauskas & Lukauskas, 2011). This terminal yard is

divided into several parts by using removable type flexible fences which can be rearranged

from time to time when the terminal operation is changed. In order to manage the cargo

traffic, the incoming trucks should be moved along one way and after they are loaded or

unloaded the cargo, they should not reverse and they have to go along another way to exit. It

is something like a loop (Ruiz-aguilar et al., 2016). It can be explained as a hinterland

connectivity and this is one of the major design considerations for land side designing.

Following figure 5-1 illustrates the cargo flow in and around the multipurpose terminal and
figure 5.2 illustrates the perspective of the multipurpose terminal plan.

Figure 5-1: Cargo Flow in and Around the Multipurpose Terminal

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Figure 5-2: Perspective of the Multipurpose Terminal Plan

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Quayside Infrastructures and Superstructures

Infrastructure can be defined as a group of facilities served for a particular area which is

useful for functioning the system. A particular place can exist without having any

infrastructure, but it will strongly and directly be affected by the performance of that and

customer satisfaction.When considering the superstructure, it is something different than the

infrastructure. It can be explained as the physical structures or extensions above the baseline.

For examples, buildings, bridges, etc. can be noticed. In the case of a multipurpose terminal,

both the infrastructure and superstructure facilities are important. It is valid not only for the

terminals, but also for every case (Leur, 2018). When considering the infrastructure for the

terminal, the roads, rails and storing areas have to be considered. The space consumption for

arranging those facilities for fulfilling the requirement is a part of this. They should be

designed in a way which can provide optimum productivity and efficiency.

The physical structures of the terminal are having zero degrees of freedom and some

examples for them are cargo warehouses, terminal buildings, mobile equipment like cranes,

forklifts, etc. By integrating both the infrastructure and superstructure facilities, the

performance can be optimized.

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Environmental Impacts and Remedies

When considering any case, the effect towards the environment has to be pointed out and if it

threatens environmental sustainability, the necessary steps should be taken in order to reduce

them. When considering the multiple-purpose terminals, there are different impacts on the

environment and its living creatures. Some of the major issues can be mentioned as following

(Orts et al., 2017).

● Climatic changes
● Reduction of water quality
● Emission of aerosols
● Waste management
● Hazardous material management
● Generation of noise and vibration
● Loss of biodiversity
● Terrestrial and aquatic habitat alteration

In the following subsections, the above-mentioned issues are discussed and the

possible solutions for them are suggested.

Climatic Changes
The multipurpose terminals are affected both directly and indirectly to the formation of

climatic changes. Changes of the geographical structure for constructing the terminals may

cause the rise in sea level and thus the inundation issues. Increments in the intensity of the

rainfall, heat-waves, storm surge, variations of wind patterns can occur due to different

activities done in a terminal. The potential activities are ship movements, mooring of ships,

loading/ unloading activities, etc. In order to get rid of these problems, the potential impacts

should be analysed quantitatively and qualitatively at the early design phase.

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Reduction of Water Quality

Constructional and operational activities of the terminals give significant effect to the quality

of the water because during the construction, paving, clearing vegetation and building

construction are done. They may cause water turbidity. Releasing of pollutants to the water

may deplete the oxygen amount as well as they may initiate the leachate formation. They

harm not only aquatic lives but also to human beings. In this kind of thing, risk assessments

should be done to reduce the impact on the emitted pollutants.

Emission of Aerosols
Air pollution occurs due to the emissions during the terminal activities. During the

construction process of the terminal, the combustion takes place and dust is generated. On the

other hand, volatile organic compounds can be emitted from some processes as fuel storing

and transferring. In order to reduce the impact of air emissions, air quality management

procedures should be carried out.

Waste and Material Management

During the action phase of the terminals, different kinds of wastes such as scrap, lubricants,

packaging materials, paints, oil, hazardous material etc. are generated and a proper method

for managing them have to be figured out. To manage them properly, the waste management

hierarchy can be considered and necessary steps can be taken according to it (Cotrone, 2007).

Noise and Vibration Generation

Noise and vibrations can be generated due to the terminal construction activities, cargo

handling, vehicular traffic, etc. To reduce these negative aspects, establishing the noise

deflection walls, insulating the high noise/ vibrating machinery, replacing diesel engines with

electric power may be applicable.

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Types of Machinery Used

Different types of machinery are used in the multipurpose terminal for loading, unloading and

storing of cargos. Following is a brief account on it (Marine Insight, 2020).

Table 8-1: Commonly Used Machinery in Multipurpose Terminal

Machinery Description
Terminal Forklift ● Heavy-duty machinery
● Able to handle even 10-16 tons
● Simple to maintain
● short lead time consumption

Loaded Container Spreader ● Used as loaded container, trailer

Single Girder Overhead Crane ● Having a lifting system like hoist or

open winch
● Optimizes the use of space, together
with a minimum weight
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Double Girder Overhead Crane ● Having a lifting system like hoist or

open winch
● Adaptable to any need
● High reliability components
● Available for a wide range of
applications

Wall-Hung Overhead Crane ● Very big spans are required

● Can be manufactured with cantilevers to
access difficult points

Container Spreader ● Lower weight

● Absence of hydraulics
● Easy maintenance
● Extended durability
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Ship to Shore Crane Spreader ● Capable of handling 20ft/40ft/45ft single

containers

Forklift truck spreader ● Applied for forklift trucks

● Suit for different bag designs
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Basic Safety Rules

There are several basic rules of safety which should be followed when entering the terminal

(Valdez, 2020). If these rules are ignored by someone there is no doubt that privilege of

accessing is revocation. Following are some of them (Aqaba Development Corporation,

2020).

● All port users should attend safety induction before entering the terminal

● No visitor tours are allowed without escorting

● All personnel must wear personal protective equipment's (PPE) (Helmet, Vest and safety
shoes) inside the terminal

● All vehicles must park in the designated areas and in reverse parking

● Drivers are required to remain in their vehicles while on the terminal

● Walking and roaming is not allowed

● Passengers are only allowed in a vehicle if it is equipped with a passenger seat and seat
belt

● No riders are allowed in external trucks used to load containers

● Adherence to speed limits inside the terminal which are 10 km/h at quayside, Workshop,
crossings, blocks and gates and 30 Km/h at main road

● Comply and follow all posted traffic signs and no smoking signs

● Keep the seatbelt fastened when inside the vehicle and driving

● Walking in operation area is not allowed

● No personnel are to be under the influence of alcoholic beverages or drugs, while on

terminal premises

● Do not use cell phones while driving in the terminal

● Know evacuation plans including designated assembly areas, evacuation routes and
emergency exits.
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Benefits of the Technology

When considering the other kinds of terminals, the flexibility of this kind of terminal is quite

high. They are having a higher capacity of accommodating increasing vessel sizes and high

volatility of cargo volumes. This type of terminal can adapt to the increasing demand for

supply chain integration and stand against the stronger competition. Also, they are having

higher efficiencies rather than the other types of terminals due to their excellent flexibility.

That terminal can provide the required productivity as well as the efficiency together with

fulfilling the intended purpose.

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Reference

Agos, F. E. (1991). Multi-Purpise Port Terminals: Recommondations for Planning and

Management. In Unctad Monographs on Port Management (01 ed.).

Arvis, J., Vesin, V., Carruthers, R., & Ducruet, C. (2018). Connectivity in the Mediterranean

Maritime Networks , Port Efficiency , and Hinterland Connectivity in the

Mediterranean.

Behdani, B., Wiegmans, B., Roso, V., & Haralambides, H. (2020). Port - hinterland transport

and logistics : emerging trends and frontier research. Maritime Economics & Logistics,

22(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-019-00137-3

Cotrone, J. (2007). Environmental , Health , and Safety Guidelines for Crude Oil and

Petroleum Product Terminals. International Financial Corporation, 1–18.

DHI. (2020). PORTS AND TERMINALS: Consultancy for planning, design, construction and

operation. DHI. www.dhigroup.com

Elmandili, H., Nsiri, B., & Aghezzaf, B. (2014). Benefit analysis weighing bulk traffic in

ports multipurpose terminal. March.

Hlali, A. (2018). Seaport Concept and Services Characteristics : Theoretical Test Seaport

Concept and Services Characteristics : Theoretical Test. The Open Transportation

Journal, March. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874447801711010120

Leur, A. van. (2018). Safety and Health in Ports. ILO Code of Practice, 1–526.

Mokhtar, K., Yusoof, N., Hanafiah, R., Marsila, S., Ruslan, M., Muhamad, W., & Ahmad, A.

W. (2019). Evaluation of Multipurpose Terminal Efficiency. 1, 3260–3266.

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Notteboom, T., & Rodrigue, J.-P. (2020). Chapter 2 .2– Terminals and Terminal Operators.

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Port Industry. https://porteconomicsmanagement.org

Orts, P., Arbors, H., Erminals, T., & Ntroduction, I. (2017). Environmental, Health, and

Safety Guidelines Ports, Harbors, and Terminals. 1–35.

Paulauskas, V., & Lukauskas, V. (2011). Cargo flow and transit impacts on port

development. 4142.

Rhin, P. du. (2010). Emergency preparedness. In International Safety Guide for Inland

Navigation Tank-barges and Terminals (1st ed., pp. 299–312).

Ruiz-aguilar, J. J., Turias, I. J., Cerbán, M., Jiménez-come, M. J., & González, M. J. (2016).

Time analysis of the containerized cargo flow in the logistic chain using simulation

tools : the case of the Port of Seville ( Spain ). Transportation Research Procedia,

18(June), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.003

Valdez, P. O. F. (2020). Terminal Rules and Regulations. 907, 1–13.

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DETAILED MARKING SCHEME

STUDENT I.D.: _____/_________ COURSE: ____________________

MODULE: __________________________________________________

MAX. AWARD

5
Cover page design

Accuracy of interpretation of question 5

Introduction/ Executive summary 5

Structure of table of content 5

Understanding and use of relevant terms and concepts 10

Depth of critical analysis and judgment 15

Reflexity (incorporation of personal experience) 10

Technical accuracy (spelling, grammar, etc.)Use of language 10

Persuasiveness of arguments 15

Originality of ideas 10

5
PRESENTATION (Structure / organization)

5
Appropriate use and proper acknowledgement of sources

TOTAL 100
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Marker’s signature : ………………………

INTERNAL GROUP ASSESSMENT FORM

Team Members Contribution and Cooperation Rubric

Date: _______________ Rater:
____________________________
Course: __________________ Student:
__________________________

Assigned Task/s
:__________________________________________________________________________
___________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________

___________________________________________________________________________
____________________

TRAIT Unacceptable (1) Acceptable (3) Exemplary (5) Score

Seems reluctant to Consistently Follows up on
Commitment engage fully in demonstrates ideas and
discussions and commitment to the suggestions from
task assignments project by being previous meetings
prepared for each and reports
group meeting. findings to the
group
Focuses Balances the need Volunteers to assist
Balance between exclusively on task for task others and shares
task and to be accomplished accomplishment information
interpersonal without regard to with the needs of openly.
relations team members or individuals in the
focuses exclusively group
on interpersonal
relations without
regard to task
Does not offer Frequently offers Listens actively
Contributions ideas or helpful ideas or and shows
suggestions that suggestions understanding by
contribute to paraphrasing or by
problem solving. acknowledging and
building on others’
ideas.
Takes the group off Introduces Uses tact and
Stays on Track track by initiating suggestions and diplomacy to alert
conversations or ideas that are group that focus
discussions relevant to the task has strayed from
unrelated to the the task at hand
task.
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20 points = a score of 50 for Group Participation Grade 15 = 47, 14 = 44, 13 = 41, 12 = 38,
11 = 35, 10 = 32, 9 = 29, 8 = 26, 7 = 23, 6 = 20, 5 = 17 4 = 14

Group #

Group Activity/Assignment # _________

Question :

Group Members Commitment Balance between Contributions Stays on Track

task and
interpersonal
relations

Submission Date : May /_____/2020

Group Members Signatures

Scoring Rubric for Oral/PPT. Presentations

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Student/s: Module: ISPS (SISP801) CPI/ Year:1/2/3/4

Group:

Total
Category Scoring Criteria Points Score
The type of presentation is appropriate for the topic 5
and
Organization
audience.
(15 points) Information is presented in a logical sequence. 5
Presentation appropriately cites requisite number of 5
references.
Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem 5
well, and
establishes a framework for the rest of the
presentation.
Content Technical terms are well-defined in language 5
appropriate for
(45 points)
the target audience.
Presentation contains accurate information. 10
Material included is relevant to the overall 10
message/purpose.
Appropriate amount of material is prepared, and 10
points made
reflect well their relative importance.
There is an obvious conclusion summarizing the 5
presentation.
Speaker maintains good eye contact with the 5
audience and is
appropriately animated (e.g., gestures, moving
around, etc.).
Presentation Speaker uses a clear, audible voice. 5
(40 points) Delivery is poised, controlled, and smooth. 5
Good language skills and pronunciation are used. 5
Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective, 5
and not
distracting.
Length of presentation is within the assigned time 5
limits.
Information was well communicated. 10
Score Total Points 100

Lecturer: Barrington Walker Date: ______

/______ /______
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