Presentation On Eurocode 1 - Wind Actions

Eurocode 1
- Actions on structures -
Part 1-4: General actions
Wind actions
Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Scheuermann

CONTENTS
 General
 Design situations
 Wind velocity and velocity pressure
 Wind actions
 Structural factor cs cd
 Pressure and force coefficients
 Terrain effects
 Procedures for determine the structural factor cs cd
 Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities
 Dynamic characteristics of structures
 Wind map
EUROCODE 1 – Part 1-4: Wind actions
General remarks
 National Annex (NA)

- values/and or classes where alternatives are given
in the Eurocodes
- values to be used where a symbol only is given
- country specific data, e.g. snow map or a wind map
- the procedure to be used when alternative procedures are given
- decisions on the application of Informative Annexes
- reference to non-contradictory Annexes
General remarks
 This part is applicable to buildings and civil engineering works

(land-based structures) with heights up to 200 m
 Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure
need to be provided in the National Annex. Default values and
methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does
not provide information.
 This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the
characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or
funnelling or tornadoes
 This part does not give guidance on the following aspects
– wind actions on lattice towers with non –parallel chords
EN 1993-3-1
– wind actions on guyed masts and guyed chimneys
– torsional vibrations, e.g. tall buildings with a central core
– vibrations where more than the fundamental mode needs to be
considered.
Design situations
 The relevant wind actions shall be determined for each
design situation identified in accordance with EN 1990:
Ultimate limit state
  G "" P"" Q ""    Q

j 1 G , j k , j P Q ,1 k ,1
i 1
Q , i 0, i k , i Q = 1,5
 G "" Ad ""( 1,1 or 2 ,1 )Q ""   Q

j 1 k , j k ,1 2, i k , i
i 1
recommended values of  factors for buildings:

0 = 0,6
1 = 0,2
2 = 0,0
Design situations
 Other actions – such as snow, traffic or ice – which will
modify the effects due to wind should be taken into
account (see also EN 1993-1-3, EN 1991-2 and ISO FDIS
12494
 The changes of structure during stages of execution – such
as different stages of the form of the structure, dynamic
characteristics etc - should be taken into account (see EN
1991-1-6)
 Where in design windows and doors are assumed to be shut
under storm conditions, the effect of these being open
should be treated as an accidental design situation
 Fatigue due to effects of wind actions should be considered
for susceptible structures
Wind velocity and velocity pressure
 Basic values : the fundamental values of the basic wind velocity
vb,0 is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity,
irrespective of wind direction and time of year, at 10m above
ground level in open country terrain with low vegetation such as
grass and isolated obstacles with separations of at least obstacle
heights (category II).
The basic wind velocity shall be calculated with
vb = cdir  cseason  vb,o
where
vb is the basic wind velocity, 10m above ground, cat. II
vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
cdir is the directionsl factor (recommended 1,0)
cseason is the season factor (recommended 1,0)
 Return period 50 years
Unterschreitenswahrscheinlichkeit
0.9999
Rangfolgenstatistik
LSQ-Fit
0.9995
0.999  = 1,5
0.995
0.990
0.98
0.950
0.900
vm,50=21.4m/s
0.500
0.100
"Jahresextremwerte"
0.010
0.001
0 10 20 30 40
mittlere Windgeschwindigkeit in m/s
 Mean wind
– Variation with height
vm(z) = cr(z)  c0(z)  vb
where
c0(z) is the orography factor , taken as 1,
» cr(z) is the roughness factor cr(z) =

kr  ln (z / z0) for zmin  z  zmax
cr(z) = cr(zmin) for z  zmin
0, 07
 z 
k r  0,19   0 
z 
 0, II 
 Mean wind
 Wind turbulence intensity Iv(z)
v k r  vb  k I
Iv  z   for z min  z  z max
vm  z  vm  z 
I v  z   I v  z min  for z  z min

 Peak velocity pressure qp(z)
1
q p  z   1  7  I v  z       vm2  z   ce  z   qb
2
 is recommended with 1,25 kg/m³
1
q p  ce  z   qb  ce  z      vb2
2
 Peak velocity pressure qp(z)
1
q p  ce  z   qb  ce  z      vb2
2
Wind actions
 calculation procedures
– peak velocity pressure qp
– wind pressures w, e.g. for cladding , fixings and structural parts
– wind forces Fw on structures, e.g. for overall wind effects

Wind actions
 wind pressure on surfaces
we = qp(ze)  cpe wi = qp(zi)  cpi
ze,i is the (decisive) reference height for the external/internal pressure
cpe is the pressure coefficient for the external/internal pressure

Wind actions
 Wind forces
Fw,e = cs cd   we  Aref
Fw,i =  wi  Aref
Ff,e = cfr  qp(ze)  Aref
where.
cs cd is the structural factor
cfr is the friction coefficient
A is the reference area of the structure or structural element
Wind actions
 Wind forces
Fw = cs cd  cf  qp(ze)  Aref resp. Fw = cs cd   cf  qp(ze)  Aref
where.
cs cd is the structural factor
cf is the force coefficient for the structure or structural element
A is the reference area of the structure or structural element
Structural factor cs cd
 Determination of cs cd
– For buildings with a height less than 15 m, the value of cs cd may be taken
as 1
– For facade and roof elements having a natural frequency greater than 5 Hz ,
the value of cs cd may be taken as 1
– For framed buildings which have structural walls and which are less than
100m high and whose height is less than 4 times the in-wind-depth, the
value of cs cd may be taken as 1
– For chimneys with circular cross-sections whose height is less than 60 m
and 6,5 times the diameter, the value of c s cd may be taken as 1
Structural factor cs cd
 Determination of cs cd
1  2  k p  I v  zs   B 2  R 2
c s cd 
1  7  I v  zs 
Pressure and force coefficients
General
 Choice of aerodynamic coefficient
– Pressure coefficients for buildings and circular cylinders for
internal and external pressures
– Net pressure coefficients for canopy roofs, free-standing
walls, parapets and fences
– Friction coefficients
– Force coefficients for signboards, structural elements with
rectangular cross section, structural elements with sharp edged
section, structural elements with regular polygonal section,
flags etc.
Pressure and force coefficients
General
 Asymmetric and counteracting pressures and forces
 Effects of ice and snow

Pressure coefficients for buildings
 Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings
 Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings
 Flat roofs
 Monopitch roofs Duopitch roofs
 Multispan roofs
 Vaulted roofs and domes
 Internal pressure
•The internal pressure depends on the size and distribution of the openings
•It should be taken into account if the openings are larger than 0,1% and not
larger than 30% of the face area
•In certain cases the internal pressure may be handled as an accidental load
 Pressure on walls or roofs with more than one skin
– The wind force is to be calculated separately on each skin
– The permeability  of a skin is defined as the ratio of the total
area of the opening to the total area of the skin. A skin is
defined as impermeable if  is less than 0,1 %
– If only one skin is permeable, then the wind force on the
impermeable skin should be determined from the difference
between the internal and the external wind pressure
Force coefficients for canopy roofs
Force coefficients for canopy roofs
Free standing walls, parapets, fences and signboards
Friction coefficients
l = 2b
or 4h
Structural elements
 Structural elements with rectangular sections
cf = cf,0 · r · A
 Structural elements with sharp edged sections
 Structural elements with regular polygonal section

Circular cylinders
 External pressure coefficients

Circular cylinders
 Force coefficients
cf = cf,0 · 
 Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row arrangement

Spheres
Lattice structures and scaffoldings
cf = cf,0 · 
Flags
Effective slenderness  and end-effect 
 = A/Ac
Annex A (informative) – Terrain effects
 Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category
 Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category
 Numerical calculation of orography coefficients
vm: mean wind velocity at height z above terrain

vmf: mean wind velocity above flat terrain
co = vm/vmf
 Numerical calculation of orography coefficients
 Neighbouring structures – Displacement height
Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd
 Spectrum of the response

 Detailed procedure
1  2  k p  I v  zs   B 2  R 2
cs cd 
1  7  I v  zs 
1  7  I v  zs   B 2
cs 
1  7  I v  zs 
1  2  k p  I v  zs   B 2  R 2
cd 
1  7  I v  zs   B 2
 Background factor B²
1
B 
2
0 , 63
 bh 
1  0,9 
 L z s  
 conservative: B² = 1
 Resonance response factor R²
 2
R2   S L  Rh  Rb
2 
 Peak factor kp
R2
  n1, x
B2  R2
T  600 sec
 Number of loads for dynamic response

 cscd values for different types of structures

Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities
Kraftwerk Ferrybridge, GB, am 5.

Nov. 1965:
Einsturz von 3 Schalenkühltürmen
aus Stahlbeton
 Criteria for vortex shedding
vcrit,i  1,25 vm
where
vcrit,i is the critical wind velocity for mode i
vm is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity at

the cross section where vortex shedding occurs
 Vortex shedding action
Fw(s) = m(s)·(2··ni,y)² · i,y(s) · yF,max
where
m(s) is the vibrating mass of the structure per unit length
ni,y is the natural frequency
I,y(s) is the mode shape of the structure normalised

to 1 at the point with the max. displacement
 Galloping
 Interaction effects
vCG  1,25 vm
with
vCG = 2 · Sc · n1,y · b / aG
VCG
0,7  1,5
Vcrit
Dynamic characteristics of structures
 General
– natural frequencies
– modal shapes
– equivalent masses
– logarithmic decrements of damping

 Fundamental frequency
1 g
n1  
2  x1
46
n1  [ Hz ] for multi-storey buildings with a height
h larger than 50m
 Logarithmic decrement of dumping
 = s + a + d
c f    b  vm ( z s )
a 
2  n1  me
Wind map
Historische Orkane :
1976 Capella
1984 Münchener Hagelsturm
1990 Winterstürme Daria (Jan),
Vivian (Febr), Wiebke
(Febr),
Gesamtschaden in Preisen
von 1990:
25 Mrd. DM
1999 Lothar
Modell für einen Europa Orkan

zur Prognose des Sturmrisikos
in Deutschland und den
Benelux-Staaten (Münchner
Rück)
Wind map
Wind map

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Eurocode 1

Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Scheuermann

 National Annex (NA)

 This part is applicable to buildings and civil engineering works

  G "" P"" Q ""    Q

 G "" Ad ""( 1,1 or 2 ,1 )Q ""   Q

recommended values of  factors for buildings:

The basic wind velocity shall be calculated with

vb = cdir  cseason  vb,o

» cr(z) is the roughness factor cr(z) =

I v  z   I v  z min  for z  z min

– peak velocity pressure qp

– wind pressures w, e.g. for cladding , fixings and structural parts

– wind forces Fw on structures, e.g. for overall wind effects

we = qp(ze)  cpe wi = qp(zi)  cpi

ze,i is the (decisive) reference height for the external/internal pressure

cpe is the pressure coefficient for the external/internal pressure

Fw = cs cd  cf  qp(ze)  Aref resp. Fw = cs cd   cf  qp(ze)  Aref

 Effects of ice and snow

 Structural elements with rectangular sections

 Structural elements with sharp edged sections

 Structural elements with regular polygonal section

 External pressure coefficients

 Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row arrangement

vm: mean wind velocity at height z above terrain

 Spectrum of the response

 Resonance response factor R²

 Number of loads for dynamic response

 cscd values for different types of structures

Kraftwerk Ferrybridge, GB, am 5.

 Criteria for vortex shedding

vm is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity at

 Vortex shedding action

Fw(s) = m(s)·(2··ni,y)² · i,y(s) · yF,max

ni,y is the natural frequency

I,y(s) is the mode shape of the structure normalised

– logarithmic decrements of damping

 Logarithmic decrement of dumping

Modell für einen Europa Orkan

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