Item File 20485 Eurocode 1-4-A-Wind

Eurocode 1
- Actions on structures -
Part 1-4: General actions
Wind actions

Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Scheuermann

CONTENTS
General
Design situations
Wind velocity and velocity pressure
Wind actions
Structural factor c
s
c
d
Pressure and force coefficients
Terrain effects
Procedures for determine the structural factor c
s
c
d
Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities
Dynamic characteristics of structures
Wind map
EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions
General remarks
National Annex (NA)
- values/and or classes where alternatives are given
in the Eurocodes
- values to be used where a symbol only is given
- country specific data, e.g. snow map or a wind map
- the procedure to be used when alternative procedures are given
- decisions on the application of Informative Annexes
- reference to non-contradictory Annexes

General remarks
This part is applicable to buildings and civil engineering works
(land-based structures) with heights up to 200 m
Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure
need to be provided in the National Annex. Default values and
methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does
not provide information.
This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the
characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or
funnelling or tornadoes
This part does not give guidance on the following aspects
wind actions on lattice towers with non parallel chords
wind actions on guyed masts and guyed chimneys
torsional vibrations, e.g. tall buildings with a central core
vibrations where more than the fundamental mode needs to be
considered.
EN 1993-3-1
Design situations
The relevant wind actions shall be determined for each
design situation identified in accordance with EN 1990:
Ultimate limit state

>

+ + +
1
1
, , 0 ,
" "
1 , 1 ,
" " " "
, ,
j
i
i k
Q
i i Q k
Q
Q
P
P j k
G
j G
>

+ + +
1
1
, , 2
" "
1 ,
) ( " " " "
,
1 , 2 1 , 1
j
i
i k
Q
i k
Q or A
j k
G
d
v v v
recommended values of v factors for buildings:
v
0
= 0,6
v
1
= 0,2
v
2
= 0,0
Q
= 1,5
Design situations
Other actions such as snow, traffic or ice which will
modify the effects due to wind should be taken into account
(see also EN 1993-1-3, EN 1991-2 and ISO FDIS 12494
The changes of structure during stages of execution such
as different stages of the form of the structure, dynamic
characteristics etc - should be taken into account (see EN
1991-1-6)
Where in design windows and doors are assumed to be shut
under storm conditions, the effect of these being open
should be treated as an accidental design situation
Fatigue due to effects of wind actions should be considered
for susceptible structures

Basic values : the fundamental values of the basic wind velocity
v
b,0
is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity,
irrespective of wind direction and time of year, at 10m above
ground level in open country terrain with low vegetation such as
grass and isolated obstacles with separations of at least obstacle
heights (category II).

The basic wind velocity shall be calculated with

v
b
= c
dir
c
season
v
b,o

where
v
b
is the basic wind velocity, 10m above ground, cat. II
v
b,0
is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
c
dir
is the directionsl factor (recommended 1,0)
c
season
is the season factor (recommended 1,0)

Return period 50 years

0 10 20 30 40
mittlere Windgeschwindigkeit in m/s

Rangfolgenstatistik
LSQ-Fit
Unterschreitenswahrscheinlichkeit
0.999
0.995
0.990
0.950
0.900
0.500
0.100
0.001
0.010
0.9995
0.9999
"Jahresextremwerte"
0.98
v
m,50
=21.4m/s
= 1,5
Mean wind
Variation with height
v
m
(z) = c
r
(z) c
0
(z) v
b
where
c
0
(z)

is the orography factor
,
taken as 1,
c
r
(z)

is the roughness factor

c
r
(z)

= k
r
ln (z / z
0
) for z
min
s z s z
max
c
r
(z)

= c
r
(z
min
)

for z s z
min

07 , 0
, 0
0
19 , 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
II
r
z
z
k
Mean wind
Wind turbulence intensity I
v
(z)
( ) ( )
min
z I z I
v v
=
for z
min
s z s z
max
( )
( ) ( ) z v
k v k
z v
z I
m
I b r
m
v
v

= =
o
for z < z
min

Peak velocity pressure q
p
(z)
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
b e m v p
q z c z v z I z q = + =
2
2
1
7 1 p
p is recommended with 1,25 kg/m
( ) ( )
2
2
1
b e b e p
v z c q z c q = = p
Peak velocity pressure q
p
(z)
( ) ( )
2
2
1
b e b e p
v z c q z c q = = p
Wind actions
calculation procedures
peak velocity pressure q
p

wind pressures w, e.g. for cladding , fixings and structural parts
wind forces F
w
on structures, e.g. for overall wind effects

Wind actions
wind pressure on surfaces
w
e
= q
p
(z
e
) c
pe w
i
= q
p
(z
i
) c
pi
z
e,i
is the (decisive) reference height for the external/internal pressure
c
pe
is the pressure coefficient for the external/internal pressure
Wind actions
Wind forces
F
w,e
= c
s
c
d
w
e

A
ref
F
w,i
= w
i

A
ref
F
f,e
= c
fr
q
p
(z
e
)

A
ref
where.
c
s
c
d
is the structural factor
c
fr
is the friction coefficient
A
ref
is the reference area of the structure or structural element
Wind actions
Wind forces
F
w
= c
s
c
d
c
f
q
p
(z
e
)

A
ref
resp. F
w
= c
s
c
d
c
f
q
p
(z
e
)

A
ref
where.
c
s
c
d
is the structural factor
c
f
is the force coefficient for the structure or structural element
A
ref
is the reference area of the structure or structural element
Structural factor c
s
c
d
Determination of c
s
c
d

For buildings with a height less than 15 m, the value of c
s
c
d
may be taken
as 1
For facade and roof elements having a natural frequency greater than 5 Hz ,
the value of c
s
c
d
may be taken as 1
For framed buildings which have structural walls and which are less than
100m high and whose height is less than 4 times the in-wind-depth, the
value of c
s
c
d
may be taken as 1
For chimneys with circular cross-sections whose height is less than 60 m
and 6,5 times the diameter, the value of c
s
c
d
may be taken as 1
Structural factor c
s
c
d
Determination of c
s
c
d

( )
( )
s v
s v p
d s
z I
R B z I k
c c
+
+ +
=
7 1
2 1
2 2
General

Choice of aerodynamic coefficient
Pressure coefficients for buildings and circular cylinders for
internal and external pressures
Net pressure coefficients for canopy roofs, free-standing walls,
parapets and fences
Friction coefficients
Force coefficients for signboards, structural elements with
rectangular cross section, structural elements with sharp edged
section, structural elements with regular polygonal section,
flags etc.
General

Asymmetric and counteracting pressures and forces
Effects of ice and snow
Pressure coefficients for buildings

Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings

Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings

Flat roofs

Monopitch roofs
Duopitch roofs


Multispan roofs

Vaulted roofs and domes

Internal pressure
The internal pressure depends on the size and distribution of the openings
It should be taken into account if the openings are larger than 0,1% and not
larger than 30% of the face area
In certain cases the internal pressure may be handled as an accidental load


Pressure on walls or roofs with more than one skin
The wind force is to be calculated separately on each skin
The permeability u of a skin is defined as the ratio of the total
area of the opening to the total area of the skin. A skin is
defined as impermeable if u is less than 0,1 %
If only one skin is permeable, then the wind force on the
impermeable skin should be determined from the difference
between the internal and the external wind pressure
Force coefficients for canopy roofs

Force coefficients for canopy roofs

Free standing walls, parapets, fences and signboards

Friction coefficients

l = 2b
or 4h
Structural elements

Structural elements with rectangular sections

Structural elements with sharp edged sections

Structural elements with regular polygonal section
c
f
= c
f,0
v
r
v
A

Circular cylinders

External pressure coefficients
Circular cylinders

Force coefficients

Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row arrangement
c
f
= c
f,0
v

Spheres

Lattice structures and scaffoldings

c
f
= c
f,0
v

Flags

Effective slenderness and end-effect v

m = A/A
c
Annex A (informative) Terrain effects

Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category

Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category


Numerical calculation of orography coefficients
v
m
: mean wind velocity at height z above terrain
v
mf
: mean wind velocity above flat terrain
c
o
= v
m
/v
mf


Numerical calculation of orography coefficients

Neighbouring structures Displacement height
Procedures for determining the structural factor c
s
c
d
Spectrum of the response

s
c
d
Detailed procedure
( )
( )
s v
s v p
d s
z I
R B z I k
c c
+
+ +
=
7 1
2 1
2 2
( )
( )
s v
s v
s
z I
B z I
c
+
+
=
7 1
7 1
2
( )
( )
2
2 2
7 1
2 1
B z I
R B z I k
c
s v
s v p
d
+
+ +
=
s
c
d

Background factor B

conservative: B = 1

( )
63 , 0
2
9 , 0 1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
s
z L
h b
B
s
c
d
Resonance response factor R

Peak factor k
p

b h L
R R S R
=
o
t
2
2
2
2 2
2
, 1
R B
R
n
x
+
= v
| | sec 600 = T
s
c
d
Number of loads for dynamic response

s
c
d
c
s
c
d
values for different types of structures

Kraftwerk Ferrybridge, GB, am 5.
Nov. 1965:
Einsturz von 3 Schalenkhltrmen
aus Stahlbeton

Criteria for vortex shedding
v
crit,i
> 1,25 v
m

where
v
crit,i
is the critical wind velocity for mode i

v
m
is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity at
the cross section where vortex shedding occurs


Vortex shedding action
F
w
(s) = m(s) (2 t n
i,y
) u
i,y
(s) y
F,max

where
m(s) is the vibrating mass of the structure per unit length

n
i,y
is the natural frequency

u
I,y
(s) is the mode shape of the structure normalised
to 1 at the point with the max. displacement

y
F,max
is the maximum displacement over time of the point
with u
I,y
(s) equal to 1

Galloping

Interaction effects
v
CG
> 1,25 v
m

with

v
CG
= 2 Sc n
1,y
b /
a
G

5 , 1 7 , 0
crit
CG
V
V

General

natural frequencies
modal shapes
equivalent masses
logarithmic decrements of damping

Fundamental frequency
1
1
2
1
x
g
n
=
t
] [
46
1
Hz
h
n =
for multi-storey buildings with a height
larger than 50m

Logarithmic decrement of dumping
o = o
s
+ o
a
+ o
d

e
s m f
a
m n
z v b c

=
1
2
) ( p
o
Wind map

Historische Orkane :

1976 Capella
1984 Mnchener Hagelsturm
1990 Winterstrme Daria (Jan),
Vivian (Febr), Wiebke
(Febr),
Gesamtschaden in Preisen
von 1990:
25 Mrd. DM
1999 Lothar

Modell fr einen Europa Orkan
zur Prognose des Sturmrisikos
in Deutschland und den
Benelux-Staaten (Mnchner
Rck)
Wind map

Wind map

Item File 20485 Eurocode 1-4-A-Wind

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