MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

GENERAL SANTOS CITY

HISTORY 3
HISTORY OF MUSLIM
FILIPINOS AND IPS IN
MINSUPALA

HANNEE S. BADILLES
 MINSUPALA
AND ITS PEOPLE
AT PRESENT
Objectives: At the end of the class, the
students should be able to answer the
following questions:
1. Who are the present peoples of
MinSuPala and how they can be
distinguished from one another?
2. Where did the name Moro and
Lumad come from and what do these
words mean?
3. What portions of MinSuPala are
traditionally considered ancestral
homeland of the Islamized people and
which portions that of the Lumad?
“When Mindanao is in trouble, Manila is shaken and
the whole country is upset. How do we understand
Mindanao? How should our compatriots in Luzon
and Visayas view Mindanao? And how should our
political , economic and cultural-religious leaders
offer solutions to the problems of Mindanao and the
country as a whole?”

- Elizabeth Angsioco,
01-31-2015, Manila Standard
 MINDANAO
•Geographically speaking, has 2 meanings:
• Second largest island in the archipelago
(“on”)
• Island grouping that comprises of
Mindanao and the adjacent islands in the
southern part of the country (“in”)

•Maguindanaon word means “Land of

Many Lakes”
 MINDANAO
•Basic Data:
•Location: Southeast Asia, Philippine
Archipelago
•Total Area: 97, 530 sq. km. (37, 657 sq. mi)
•Highest Point: Mt. Apo (2, 954 m)
•Largest City: Davao City
•Population: 24,135,775 (as of 2015)
REGION POPULATION BIGGEST 0f Phil. Largest City
(2015) POPULATION Population
(2015)
IX 3,629,783 Zamboanga del 3.6% Pagadian City,
(1.21%) Norte Zamboanga del
Sur
X 4,689,302 Bukidnon 4.6% City of Valencia
(1.68%) (excluding CDO
and Iligan City)
XI 4,893,318 Davao del 4.8% City of Tagum
(1.74%) Norte (excluding
Davao City)
XII 4,545,276 Cotabato 4.5% Cotabato City
(1.94%) (North (excluding GSC)
Cotabato)
XIII 2,596,709 Agusan del Sur 2.6% Surigao City
(1.28%) (excluding
Butuan City)
ARMM 3,781,387 Maguindanao 3.7% Marawi City
(2.89%) (excluding
Cotabato City)
= 24,135,775
 MINDANAO
• Physical Geography
• High, rugged, faulted mountains; almost isolated
volcanic peaks; high rolling plateaus and broad, level,
swampy plains

• Adjacent Bodies of Water:

• Bohol Sea, Mindanao Sea on the north
• Philippine Sea on the east
• Sulu Sea on the west
• Celebes Sea on the south
 The Philippines’ Land of Promise
(Unfulfilled Promise)/
Food Basket of the Philippines
• The Philippine economy depends on Mindanao for: 25% rice, 7% cattle and
tuna, more than 50% corn, fish, and chicken, 100% pineapple, rubber and
banana exports; 90% plywood and lumber; 63% (1 billion metric tons) nickel
reserves, 48% (50.3 million metric tons) gold reserves, 38.5% (2.6 million
hectares) of forests and 38% (3.73 million hectares of farmlands.

Large economic potential that can be tapped into to spur

economic growth

• Yet, of the 20 poorest provinces in the country, 13 are in

Mindanao including ARMM.
1. Mindanao is very much agriculture-oriented
economy.
2. The Government authorities see the most
potential on Mindanao lying in agro-industry
which considers as the most prominent driver
of Mindanao economy (naturally resource-
abundant). Mindanao is a leading explorer of
rubber, pineapple, banana, coffee and organic
material products in high demand in the global
market.
 MINDANAO
•Home of the Tri-People

•At least 18 ethnolinguistic groups of

Lumads (IPs)
•13 groups of Moro (Bangsamoro)
•At least 9 Migrant ethnic groups of
Christians from Luzon and Visayas
Robert E. Huke

LANDFORMS
OF MINDANAO
 Mountain Ranges
• North to East : Diwata (Mt. Hilong Hilong, 2, 012 m)

• North to South: from Camiguin to Davao (Mt. Talomo, 2,693 m; Mt.

Apo, 2,954 m)

• Western Mindanao: Mt. Malingdang in Ozamis City (2,425 m)

• Arc through Lanao del Sur, northern Cotabato and Western

Bukidnon: Butig Peaks w/ 4 crater lakes (Cotabato) (Mt. Ragang,
2,15 m; Mt. Kitanglad, 2,896 m)

• Southwestern Cotabato: (Mt. Parker, 2,040 m)

Mt. Apo
Davao del Sur
Balut Island
Lake Holon
 Upland Plateaus
• Basaltic Lava flows interbedded with ash and volcanic tuff;
Near their edges the plateaus are cut by deep canyons and at
several points spectacular waterfalls drop to the narrow
coastal plain

• Bukidnon
• Lanao del Sur Provinces

• Lake Lanao (largest in Mindanao)

• Agus River
• Ma. Christina Falls
Ma. Cristina Falls
Lake Lanao
Aliwagwag Falls
Enchanted River
 Lowlands
•Valleys of Agusan and Mindanao river
in Cotabato
•Davao plain
•Misamis Provinces
•Lanao del Norte
•Zamboanga Peninsula
 Sulu Archipelago
•Chain of islands in the southwestern
Philippines
•Consists of the provinces of Basilan,
Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
•Exposed edge of small submarine
ridges produce by tectonic tilling of
the sea bottom
 Sulu Archipelago
•Geographically subdivided into several groups: (some
islands are not inhabited)
• Basilan
• Sibutu
• Tapul
• Jolo
• Tawi-Tawi
• Keenapusan
• Laparan
• Pangutaran
• Others/Outliers (Mapun)
 Basilan
•Roughly egg-shaped
•Largest and northernmost island of the Sulu
Archipelago which includes about 400
islands
•Basilan Peak (1,911 m)
•Moderate slopes, good soil and adequate
rainfall have helped to produce large
plantation s of rubber and excellent forest
reserves
 Sulu
• Jolo is its capital and main and largest island of
Sulu Archipelago
• 4 island groups:
• Jolo group
• Pangutaran
• Tongkil-Banguingui (Samales) group
• Siasi-Tapul group
 Tawi-Tawi
• Bongao is the capital
• Sharing sea borders with the Malaysian state
of Sabah and Indonesian North Kalimantan
• Is the Sinama form of jawi-jawi, Malay for
banyan tree
• Covers some islands in the Sulu Sea to the
northwest, the Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi Island
and Turtle Island (2o km away from Sabah)
 POLITICAL
DIVISIONS OF
MINDANAO
 6 Regions
•Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
•Northern Mindanao (Region X)
•Davao Region (Region XI)
•SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII)
•CARAGA (Region XIII)
• Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)
 Zamboanga Peninsula
• Malay word “jambangan” meaning a pot or
place of flowers or Hispanized spelling of the
Sinama term for “mooring place” –
samboangan from the root word samboang
(“mooring people”)
• Ciudad Latina de Asia
• Regional Center: Pagadian City
• 1569 – Chosen as the site of the Spanish
settlement and garrison on Laa Caldera (Barrio
Recodo now)
 PROVINCE CAPITAL

Zamboanga del Norte Dipolog

(Orchid City of the South)

Zamboanga del Sur Pagadian

(Little Hongkong of the
South)

Zamboanga Sibugay Ipil

Isabela de Basilan;
Zamboanga City (Asia’s Latin City; Sardines
Capital of the Phil.)
 Northern Mindanao

• Regional Center: Cagayan de Oro

• Largest regional economy in the island of Mindanao
• Booming growth of industries like Del Monte located
in Bukidnon and its processing plant in Cagayan de
Oro
• Agus IV to VII Hydroelectric Plants in Iligan and Balo-
i, Lanao del Norte supplies most of its electrical
power in Mindanao
 Province Capital
Bukidnon (“highlander, Malaybalay
mountain dweller)
“Food Basket of Mindanao”
Camiguin (“kamagong, a Mambajao
species of ebony tree that
thrives near Lake Mainit)
Lanao del Norte Tubod
Misamis Occidental (Subanen Oroquieta
term for coconut)
Misamis Oriental Cagayan de Oro
Cagayan de Oro (Lit. River of (Melting Pot of Mindanao)
Gold)
Iligan City (Higaunon term “lig” (City of Majestic Waterfalls; 24
for “to go downstream”) waterfalls)
 Davao Region
(Formerly Southern Mindanao)
• Regional Center: Metro Davao
• Hispanized pronunciation of daba-daba, a
Bagobo word for “fire”
• Davao Gulf is the first region in the country
that is in contact with Europeans (1512 –
Francisco Serrano was shipwrecked in the
shallow waters and coral reefs of Cape of San
Agustin
 Province Capital
Davao de Oro Nabunturan (Home to the
biggest gold ring in the Phil. –
“The Solidarity Ring”)
Davao del Norte (Banana Tagum
Capital of the Philippines)
Davao del Sur Digos
Davao Occidental Malita

Davao Oriental Mati

(Coconut Capital of the
Philippines)
Davao City Durian Capital of the Philippines
 SOCCSKSARGEN
(Formerly Central Mindanao)
•Regional Center: Koronadal City
•Drainage basin of Mindanao
 Province Capital
Cotabato (North Cotabato) kuta Kidapawan (“A Spring in the
wato (stone fort) Highland”)

Sarangani Alabel

South Cotabato Koronadal (aka Marbel “Sports

Mecca of the South”)
Sultan Kudarat Isulan

Cotabato City
General Santos City Tuna Capital of the Philippines
 CARAGA
•“Kalag” which emans “spirit of soul”/
region of spirited men (region de gente
animosa) or “caging” or small crabs
matting the beach of Caraga, which is
known as katang to the native inhabitants
•Regional center: Butuan City
 Province Capital
Agusan del Norte Cabadbaran

Agusan del Sur Prosperidad

Dinagat Islands San Jose

Surigao del Norte Surigao City

Surigao del Sur Tandag

Butuan City
 BARMM
•Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao
•Regional Center: Cotabato City
•Bangsamoro Organic Law
 Province Capital
Basilan Lamitan City

Lanao del Sur Marawi Cty

Maguindanao Buluan
Sulu Jolo

Tawi-Tawi Bongao
•Head of the State: Regional Governor
•Head of the Government: Regional
Governor
•Executive: ARMM Executive
Department
•Legislative: Regional Legislative
Assembly
 Palawan
• Largest province of the Philippines in terms of
total area of jurisdiction
• Composed of the long and narrow Palawan
Island, Calamianes Group of Islands in
northeast (Busuanga Island, Coron Island, and
Culion Island), Balabac Island (southern tip),
Cuyo Island
• Is biogeographically part of Sundaland with
flora and fauna related to that found in Borneo
 Palawan
• Administratively attached to Luzon (Region
IV), while geographically part of the Visayas
group of islands
• At the time of the great sultanates, some parts
of Palawan, especially the southern portion,
were under the jurisdiction of the Sultan of
Sulu, thus making the island historically
attached to the sultanate. Also the presence
of Islamized tribes in Palawan culturally links
the island to Mindanao
HOME OF THE TRI -
PEOPLE
 2 Categories (Rodil,2003):
•Migrants and Descendants
•Indigenous Groups
•Indigenous “Christians”
•Moros
•Lumads
 The Migrants and Their
Descendants
•People who were not originally
inhabitants
•Natives from Luzon and Visayas
•Response to American invitation for
permanent settlers (either through
resettlement program or through private
efforts)
 “Indigenous Christians”
•Second decade of the 17th Century
•Visayan-speaking peoples in the northern and
eastern parts of the island
•Chavacanos of Zamboanga
•Original Mindanao IPs who became
Christianized; more exactly, perhaps, they
were Christianized IPs
•Assimilated into the migrant Visayan
population
 MOROS
•13 Islamized tribes of MINSUPALA
•From Spanish term “Moors” (Mauru/s)
referred to the Muslims of Northern
Africa
•Include non-Muslims who share common
aspiration and political destiny with the
Muslims in MINSUPALA
Panimusan Molbog
Jama Mapun Sama
Tausug Yakan
Badjao (Sama Dilaut) Kalibugan
Iranun Maranao
Maguindanao Sangir
Kalagan
 LUMADS
•At least 18 tribes who were neither
Islamized nor Christianized upon the
arrival of the Spaniards
•Paganos by the Spaniards, Wild tribes or
uncivilized tribes or Non-Christian tribes by
the Americans; nitibo by the Visayans and
taga-bundok or katutubo by the Tagalogs
 LUMADS
•June 1986 at Kidapawan City; 15 tribes (no
delegates from T’boli, Teduray and
Subanen)
•Self-determination for their member
tribes and self-governance with their
ancestral domain in accordance with their
culture and customary laws
Manobo Subanen
Blaan T’boli
Mandaya Tiruray/Teduray
Higaonon Bagobo
Bukidnon Mamanwa
Talaandig/Tigkalasan Ata
Tagakaolo Dibabawon
Banwaon Mangguwangan
Matigsalug Mansaka
 Ancestral Homeland
•Portion of territory traditionally
occupied by a tribe or another, or by
a community of people, say a clan
bound by ties of common interests
•Not just land, but also rivers, creeks,
seas, mountains and hills, forests and
all natural wealth contained therein
 Nature of Occupancy
•“prior and uninterrupted”
•Tribe or community came to the
territory in question ahead of any
other and their stay has remained
unchallenged
 GROUP PRINCIPAL LOCATION
1. Badjao (Sea Gypsies) Entire Sulu Archipelago
2. Ilanun (Iranun) Illana Bay area
3. Jama Mapun (Samal Cagayan de Sulu (South of
Cagayan) Palawan)

4 Kalagan (kin of Davao Provinces, on the

Tagakaolo) shores of Davao Gulf

5. Kolibugan (Kalibugan) Zamboanga Peninsula

 GROUP PRINCIPAL
LOCATION
6. Maguindanao Cotabato provinces
7. Maranao Lanao provinces
8. Molbog Balabac Island (East
(Melebuganon) of Southern
Palawan)
9. Panimusan Mainland Southern
Palawan
10. Samal (Sama’a) Tawi-Tawi cluster of
islands
 GROUP PRINCIPAL
LOCATION
11. Sangil (Sangir) Sarangani and Samal
Island
12. Tausug (Joloanos, Jolo cluster of
Sulus) islands
13. Yakan Basilan Island
 GROUP PRINCIPAL LOCATION
Manobo/Manuvu/Minuvu Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon,
Davao Provinces, Cotabato
Provinces, Sarangani
Province, Sultan Kudarat
Subanen Zamboanga Peninsula,
Misamis Occidental
Blaan Davao del Sur, South
Cotabato, Sarangani
Province
T’boli South Cotabato, Sarangani
Mandaya Davao Oriental, Davao del
Norte, Surigao del Sur
 GROUP PRINCIPAL LOCATION
Tiruray/Teduray Maguindanao, North
Cotabato
Higaonon Bukidnon, Rogongon in
Iligan, Agusan del Norte,
Misamis Oriental
Bagobo South and east of Mt. Apo,
Eastern part of Cotabato,
Davao del Sur
Bukidnon Bukidnon Province
Mamanwa Agusan del Norte, Surigao
del Norte
 GROUP PRINCIPAL LOCATION
Talaandig/Tigkalasan Western Bukidnon
Province
Ata Manobo West and Northwest of
Mt. Apo, Davao del Norte,
Davao City

Tagakaolo Davao del Sur, South of

Mt. Apo, Sarangani
Province

Dibabawon Compostela Valley, Davao

del Norte, Agusan del Sur
Mangguwangan Compostela Valley, Davao
del Norte, Davao Oriental
 GROUP PRINCIPAL LOCATION
Mansaka Davao del Norte,
Compostela Valley
Banwaon Agusan del Sur
Matigsalug Bukidnon (Tigwa-Salug
Valley)
• Mamanwa – Cabadbaran and Jabonga in Agusan del Norte/ Bacuag, Cantilan, Carrascal, Gigaquit, Lianga,
Mainit, Placer, Surigao, Tago in Surigao
• Manobo – Lianga, Hubo, Otieza, Marihatag, Kagwait, Tago, Tandag and Cantilan in Surigao del Sur/ Agusan
River in Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur/ Cabo de San Agustin in Davao Oriental/ Malita in Davao del
Sur (KULAMAN MANOBO)/ Kalamansig-Lebak-Isulan in Sultan Kudarat/ Arakan Valley in North Cotabato to
Bukidnon (KULAMAN MANOBO)/ LIBUNGANEN, TINANANEN, PULANGUI-EN in North Cotabato/ West
Surallah in South Cotabato to Lebak, Sultan Kudarat (UBO)/ Southern part of Bukidnon (TIGWA of Tigwa
river and MATIGSALUG of Salug river)
• Banwaon – Baylo, Cabadbaran, Guadalupe, Nueva Trabajo, and Remedios in Agusan del Sur
• Mandaya – Tago in Suriga del Sur to Mati, Davao Oriental/ Gandia to Agusan river/ south of Salug river
• Mangguwangan, Mansaka and Dibabawon – Tagum river to meeting of two rivers – Salug and Libaganon/
Agusan valley/ Cateel, Baganga, Manorigao, Karaga, Manai, and Kasauman in Compostela Valley/ Mati/
Davao Gulf west of Sumlug to Hijo river
• Mangguwangan – Tagusab and Pilar in Agusan/ Manat river and Mawab
• Mansaka (subgroup of Mandaya) – Mawab River Valley, region surrounded by Hijo river, Mawab and
Madawan
• Dibabawon – Salur river valley to west of Baobo river
• Ata – north west of Davao City to Mt. Apo/ Davao del Norte and Davao City/ neighbour of Mandaya in the
east and Bagobo and Guianga in south
• Isamal – Samal Is. Of Davao del Norte (mix Sama and Mandaya)
• Guianga – Davao City/ rivers of Dulian, Guinalan, Tamugan, Ceril and Biao
• Bagobo – east of Mt. Apo/ Binogao, Sibulan, Maradatan, Cauit, and Tuban in Davao del Sur/ with Guianga in
Bago/ with Ata and Moros in Daliao/ with Moros in Daron, Taumo, Baludo, Obango and Baculod
• Kalagan – Tarragona and Mati/ Cabo de San Agustin to west of Tagum going to south of Jose Abda Santos
in Davao Occidental
• Tagakaolo – Malalag, Malita, and Lais in Davao del Sur/ Mt. Haguimitan of Davao Oriental/ Sarangani
• Blaan – Koronadal Valley in South Cotabato to east of Davao del Sur/ Tabayon, Binungan, Batulaki and Sarangani Islands
(Balut and Tumanao)
• Tiboli (Tagabili) – Panig, Bibi, Luma, Nglus, and Salakit/ Begtasan river, Krin river, Pangi river, Kalam river and Kalaun
river
• Dulangan – Kalaun to Tran Masla/ shores of Namat, Kidayan, Magenan, Parimbang, Kanipang, Kolubi, Kran, Malatuna
river
• Teduray – Tran Masla to Lake Linao before Tamontaka/ Lebungan, Ulangu, Gafili, Mancap, Kabakaba, Klemiek and Kadla,
Tebuan, Surran river, Safitan river and Matabar river
• Bukidnon – (Talaandig or Higaunon) west of Agusan del Norte Punta Odiongan to interior of Odiongan river in Mt.
Bulatocan crossing Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon to Iligan City/ Tagoloan valley and Pulangi river
• Subanen – Zamboanga peninsula