Linear Programming and

Applications
(v) LP Applications: Water
Resources Problems

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Objectives

 To formulate LP problems

 To discuss the applications of LP in

 Deciding the optimal pattern of irrigation

 Water quality management

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Introduction
 LP has been applied to formulate and solve several types of

problems in engineering field

 LP finds many applications in the field of water resources

which include
 Planning of urban water distribution

 Reservoir operation

 Crop water allocation

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Irrigation Allocation
 Consider two crops 1 and 2. One unit of crop 1 brings four units of
profit and one unit of crop 2 brings five units of profit. The demand of
production of crop 1 is A units and that of crop 2 is B units. Let x be the
amount of water required for A units of crop 1 and y be the same for B
units of crop 2.
 The linear relations between the amounts of crop produced (i.e.,
demands A and B) and the available water (i.e., x and y) for two crops
are shown below
A = 0.5(x - 2) + 2
B = 0.6(y - 3) + 3

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Irrigation Allocation …

Solution:
 Objective: Maximize the profit from crop 1 and 2

Maximize f = 4A + 5B;
 Expressing as a function of the amount of water,

Maximize f = 4[0.5(x - 2) + 2] + 5[0.6(y - 3) + 3]

f = 2x + 3y + 10

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Irrigation Allocation …

subject to
 x  y  10 ; Maximum availability of water
 x2 ; Minimum amount of water required for crop 1
 y3 ; Minimum amount of water required for crop 2
 The above problem is same as maximizing
f’ = 2x + 3y
subject to same constraints.

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Irrigation Allocation …

 Changing the problem into standard form by introducing slack variables

S1, S2, S3
Maximize f’ = 2x + 3y
subject to
x + y + S1 =10
-x + S2 = -2
-y + S3 = -3
This model is solved using simplex method

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Irrigation Allocation …
 The final tableau
is as shown

 The solution is x = 2; y = 8; f’ = 28
Therefore, f = 28+10 = 38
 Water allocated to crop A is 2 units and to crop B is 8 units and total
profit yielded is 38 units.

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example – Water Quality Management
 Waste load allocation for water quality management in a river system
can be defined as
 Determination of optimal treatment level of waste, which is discharged
to a river
 By maintaining the water quality standards set by Pollution Control
Agency (PCA), through out the river

 Conventional waste load allocation involves minimization of treatment

cost subject to the constraint that the water quality standards are not
violated

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Water Quality Management …

 Consider a simple problem of M dischargers, who discharge waste into

the river, and I checkpoints, where the water quality is measured by
PCA
 Let xj be the treatment level and aj be the unit treatment cost for jth
discharger (j=1,2,…,M)
 ci be the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at checkpoint i (i=1,2,
…,I), which is to be controlled
 Decision variables for the waste load allocation model are xj (j=1,2,
…,M).

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Water Quality Management …

M
Minimize f   ajxj
j 1

ci  g ( x j ) i, j

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example - Water Quality Management …

 Let cP be the permissible DO level set by PCA, which is to be

maintained through out the river

 Therefore, ci  cP i

 Model can be solved using simplex algorithm which will give the
optimal fractional removal levels required to maintain the water quality
of the river

Water Resources Planning and Management:

LINEAR PROGRAMMING SOFTWARES

MMO Software (Dennis and Dennis, 1993)

 An MS-Dos based software to solve various types of problems

Opening Screen of MMO

Water Resources Planning and Management:

MMO Software

 Press any key to see Main menu screen of MMO

Main Menu Screen of MMO

 Use arrow keys from keyboard to select different models.
 Select “Linear Programming” and press enter. Two options will appear as
follows:
SOLUTION METHOD: GRAPHIC/ SIMPLEX
Water Resources Planning and Management:
MMO Software
SIMPLEX Method using MMO
 Select SIMPLEX in Linear Programming option of MMO software.
 Screen for “data entry method” will appear

Screen for “Data Entry Method”

Water Resources Planning and Management:

SIMPLEX Method using MMO

Data entry may be done by either of two different ways.

 Free Form Entry: Write the equation when prompted for input.

 Tabular Entry: Data can be input in spreadsheet style. Only the coefficients
are to be entered, not the variables.
 Consider the problem

Maximize Z  2 x1  3 x 2
Subject to x1  5,
x1  2 x 2  5,
x1  x 2  6
x1 , x 2  0

Screen after Entering the Problem

Water Resources Planning and Management:

SIMPLEX Method using MMO
 Once the problem is run, it will show the list of slack, surplus and artificial
variables

List of slack, surplus and artificial

variables
 There are three additional slack variables in the above problem.

 Press any key to continue

Water Resources Planning and Management:

SIMPLEX Method using MMO

It will show three different options

1. No Tableau: Shows direct solutions

2. All Tableau: Shows all simplex tableau one by one

3. Final Tableau: Shows only the final simplex tableau

directly
Different Options for Simplex
Z  15.667
 Final solution is ; Solution
x1  2.333 ;x 2  3.667

Final Simplex Tableau

Water Resources Planning and Management:

MATLAB Toolbox for Linear Programming

 Very popular and efficient

 Includes different types of optimization techniques

 To use the simplex method

 set the option as

options = optimset ('LargeScale', 'off', 'Simplex', 'on')

 then a function called ‘linprog’ is to be used

Water Resources Planning and Management:

MATLAB Toolbox for Linear Programming…

MATLAB Documentation for Linear

Programming

Water Resources Planning and Management:

MATLAB Toolbox for Linear Programming…

MATLAB Documentation for Linear

Programming

Water Resources Planning and Management:

MATLAB Toolbox for Linear Programming - Example

Let us consider the same problem as before

Maximize Z  2 x1  3x 2
Subject to x1  5,
x1  2 x 2  5,
x1  x 2  6
x1 , x 2  0
Note: The maximization problem should be converted to minimization
problem in MATLAB

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example…

Thus,
f    2  3 % Cost coefficients
 1 0
 
A    1 2 % Coefficien ts of constraints
 
 1 1

b   5 5 6 % Right hand side of constraints

lb   0 0 % Lowerbounds of decision variables

Water Resources Planning and Management:

Example…

MATLAB code
clear all
f=[-2 -3]; %Converted to minimization problem
A=[1 0;-1 2;1 1];
b=[5 5 6];
lb=[0 0];
options = optimset ('LargeScale', 'off', 'Simplex', 'on');
[x , fval]=linprog (f , A , b , [ ] , [ ] , lb );
Z = -fval %Multiplied by -1
x

Solution
Z = 15.667 with x1 = 2.333 and x2 = 3.667

Water Resources Planning and Management:

LINGO
• Tool to solve linear, nonlinear, quadratic, stochastic and integer
optimization models
• Can be downloaded from http://www.lindo.com
• Key benefits of LINGO are:
• Easy model expression
• Convenient data options
• Powerful solvers
• Extensive documentation and help.

Water Resources Planning and Management:

LINGO…

Consider the same problem

Maximize Z  2 x1  3 x 2
Subject to x1  5,
x1  2 x 2  5,
x1  x 2  6
x1 , x 2  0
LINGO formulation is:
Max = 2*x+ 3*y;
x<=5;
x-2*y>=-5;
x+y<=6;
x>=0;
y>=0;

Water Resources Planning and Management:

LINGO…
Solution report from
LINGO

Solution:
Z = 15.667
x1 = 2.333 and
x2 = 3.667

Water Resources Planning and Management:

 Thank You

Water Resources Planning and Management: