111101: Introduction to Engineering Materials (Fall-2020)

Instructor: Dr. Ibrahim Qazi, Prof & HoD

Course Objective...

Simply, you will learn about:

• Material structure
• How structure dictates properties
Issues/Council
• How processing can change structure J opportunities
Rag 1
 COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 3rd ed, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. (2008).

Optional Material:
1. Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering by
Donald R. Askeland and Pradeep P. Fulay, 2nd ed,
Cengage Learning 2009

2. Engineering Materials 1: An introduction to properties,

Applications, and Design by Michael F. Ashby and David
R. H. Jones, 4th ed, Elsevier 2012
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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is Materials Science?
• Why should we know about it?

Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

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Optical
Scanning
Transmission
Tunneling
Xray
Spectroscopy
etc
Casting
Forging
Extrusion
Sintering
Mechanical
Layer-by-layer
Thermal
growth
Electrical
Stamping
Magnetic
etc
Optical
etc

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 MECHANICAL
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 11.31(a)
400 (b) and 11.33 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 14.8 and associated
4 m discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
11.19; (b) Fig. 10.34;(c) Fig. 11.34;
30 m
and (d) Fig. 11.22, Callister &
200 30 m
Rethwisch 3e.

100 Photomicrograph of a steel having a

spheroidite microstructure. The small
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 particles are cementite; the continuous
phase is α ferrite. 1000×. (Copyright
Cooling Rate (ºC/s) 1971 by United States Steel
Corporation.)

• Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 12.8, Callister &
t %Ni Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 12.8 adapted
a
5 3 .32 from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
+ (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Cu Ni
Resistivity, 

Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd

t%
4 16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New

+ 2. a t% York, 1970.)
Cu . 1 2
3 u +1
e d C
ef o rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 .1
u +1
C
1 r e” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
400

Thermal Conductivity
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.) 300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 17.4, Callister & Rethwisch
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 3e. (Fig. 17.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 m is on CD-ROM.) 7
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Fig. 18.23, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(Fig. 18.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

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 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
depending on the material structure.
single polycrystal: polycrystal:
crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

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 DETERIORATIVE

• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows

-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10

increasing load
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) Boveri Co.)

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