Anatomi & histologi small

intestine
Small Intestine

• The small intestine is the part of the GIT between the stomach and
large intestine.
• The small intestine is continuous with the stomach at the Pyloric
Sphincter and leads into the large intestine at the ileocaecal valve. It
is about 2.75 – 10.49 m long. For an average person, it is 3-5m.
• It lies in the abdominal cavity surrounded by the large intestine.
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
• There are 3 parts of the Small Intestine:
• Duodenum: First, shortest, widest and most fixed part (0.25m long).
• Jejunum: This is the middle section of the small intestine (about 2.5m long) –
about 2/5th
• Ileum: Joins the large intestine at the Ileocecal Junction (3- 3.5m long) – about
3/5th The mesentery, a double layer of peritoneum, supports and attaches the
jejunum and ileum (small intestine) to the posterior abdominal wall.
DUODENUM
• The duodenum, the first and shortest (25 cm) part of the small intestine, is also
the widest and most fixed part.
• The duodenum pursues a C-shaped course around the head of the pancreas.
• The duodenum begins at the pylorus and ends at the duodenojejunal junction.
This junction occurs approximately at the level of the L2 vertebra, 2-3 cm to the
right of the midline. The junction usually takes the form of an acute angle, the
duodenojejunal flexure.
• Most of the duodenum is fixed by peritoneum to structures on the posterior
abdominal wall and is considered partially retroperitoneal.
• The duodenum is divisible into four parts:
a. Superior (first) part: short (approximately 5 cm) and lies
anterolateral to the body of the L1 vertebra.
b. Descending (second) part: longer (7-10 cm) and descends
along the right sides of the L1-L3 vertebrae.
c. Horizontal (third) part: 6-8 cm long and crosses the L3
vertebra.
d. Ascending (fourth) part: short (5 cm) and begins at the
left of the L3 vertebra and rises superiorly as far as the
superior border of the L2 vertebra.
Histology
Stomach
• Gross anatomic divided stomach into four parts, but in histologic divided only into
three types.
• These subdivisions divided according to the types of glands, not to the location
a. Cardiac region (cardiac glands)
b. Fundic region (gastric glands)
c. Pyloric region (pyloric glands)

Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Sixth Edition.
Esophagogastric junction

https://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/courses/fall2012/biol/biol523/category/tissue/Epithelial?page=2
Gastric Mucosa
• There are a lot of gastric pit at the surface of gastric mucosa.
• The surface mucous cells : secretes mucus, it forms thick, viscous, gel-
like coat that adheres to the epithelial surface.
• It protects against abrasion from rougher components of the chyme.
• It is also high in bicarbonate and potassium concentration protects
the epithelium from acidic content of the gastric juice.
• PGE2 stimulates secretion of bicarbonates and increase thickness of
the mucus layer with vasodilatation in the lamina propria.

Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Sixth Edition.
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/PhysText/Digestive.html
 Fundic Glands of the Gastric Mucosa

• Fundic glands consist of 5 types of cells : • There are four major components of gastric juice :
a. Mucous neck cells a. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
b. Chief cells b. Pepsinogen  Pepsin
c. Parietal cells c. Mucus
d. Enteroendocrine cells (closed and opened) d. Intrinsic factor
 sel g  menyekresi gastrin kedalam
darah
e. Undifferentiated adult stem cells

Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Sixth Edition.
Parietal Cell  menyekresi fk
intrinsik dan hcl

Chief Cell (sel zimogen) 

menyekresi pepsinogen dan
lipase lambung

Mucous Neck Cell 

menyekresi cairan asam yang
mengandung musin

http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/GI136b.htm
Small Intestine
• Small intestine is the principal site for digestion and absorption of the products of
digestion.
• The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is amplified by tissue and cell
specializations of the submucosa and mucosa :
a. Plica circulares (circular fold) also known as valves of Kerckring
b. Villi
c. Microvilli (striated border)

Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Sixth Edition.
Pyloro-duodenal junction

https://secure.health.utas.edu.au/intranet/cds/cam202/Images/68x40a.jpg
Plicae circulares

http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/images/Anatomy/Histology/plicae%20circulares.htm
Vilus

https://secure.health.utas.edu.au/intranet/cds/cam202/Images/69x400%20villus.jpg
 Mucosa of Small Intestine

• The mature cells of the intestinal epithelium are found both in the intestinal glands and on the surface
of the villi.
• At least five types of cells :
a. Enterocytes : absorptive and secretory cells
b. Goblet cells
c. Paneth cells : regulation of normal bacterial flora
d. Enteroendocrine cells
e. M cells (microfold cells) : antigen transporting cell
• GALT is prominent in the lamina propria of the small intestine
• At the mucosal surface there is specific defense mechanism by immunoglobulin mediated response
using IgA, IgM, and IgE.

Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Sixth Edition.
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/GI112b.htm
 Submucosa of Small Intestine
• Submucosa of the small intestine consists of a dense connective tissue and
localized sites that contain aggregates of adipose cells.
• Presence of submucosal glands, called Brunner’s glands.
Muscularis Externa
• Consists of inner circular smooth muscle layer and outer longitudinal smooth
muscle layer.
• There is segmentation contraction and peristalsis contraction.

Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Sixth Edition.