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SENTENCES
Reporter: Cristine G. Lagang
LOUIE MARK G. GARVIDA, PhD LE (CAR)
http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
ENGLISH 204: Applied Linguistics and Language Testing
01Phrases and Clauses
02 Sentence Patterns
03 Kinds of Sentences according to structure

S E NTE NC ES
01Phrases and Clauses
 Interpret the functions of Phrases and Clauses
 Determine the different types of Phrases and Clauses

02 Sentence Patterns
 Identify the different Sentence Patterns

03 Kinds of Sentences according to structure

 Explain the different Kinds of Sentences according to Structure

S E NTE NC ES
PHRASE
PHRASE

A phrase is a group of words

without a subject and a verb.

A phrase functions as a small

part of speech in a sentence.

A phrase is a group of words

which has no finite verb in it
and acts to complete the
sentence to make it
meaningful.
 TYPES OF PHRASES

Verb Phrase Infinitive Phrase Prepositional Phrase

Noun Phrase Gerund Phrase Participial Phrase Appositive Phrase

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PHRASES
1 Noun Phrase
Noun is usually assembled centering a single noun
and works as a subject or an object in the
Phrase sentence.

Examples Romantic novel is my favorite genre to

read. (A subject)

Grandma cooked a meal. (An object)

PHRASES
2 Verb Phrase
Verb may consist of one to three linking
verbs, action verbs, and sometimes
Phrase any complements.

Examples He has appeared on screen as an actor.

She has been teaching English

Language for 3 years.
PHRASES
3 Gerund Phrase
Gerund is a group of words headed by a
gerund. Gerund is a form of a verb
Phrase ending in –ing and is used as a
noun.

Subject
2 functions
of Gerund Object
Phrase
Gerund Gerund Phrase functions
Phrase as a SUBJECT.

Taking my dog for a

Example walk is so much fun.
Gerund Gerund Phrase functions
Phrase as an OBJECT.

Tim enjoys cutting

Example papers.
 PHRASES
4 Infinitive Phrase
Infinitive is a group of words headed by
to + verb.
Phrase

Subject
3 functions
of Infinitive Object
Phrase
Complement
Infinitive
Phrase

The infinitive To follow a

phrase prescribed health
functions as a protocols is new to
NOUN. It
us.
works as a
subject.
Infinitive
Phrase

The infinitive The teacher wanted

phrase which to focus on
works as an ecological system.
OBJECT
answers the
question
what.
Infinitive
Phrase
The infinitive
phrase also
functions as a Her work is to prepare
COMPLEMENT.
When it does, it
medical records of the
completes the patients.
statement and is
the same and refers
to the subject.
 PHRASES
5 Participial Phrase
Participial begins with a past or present participle.
Participle is a form of a verb used as an
Phrase adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.

REMINDER
The present participle ends in –ing like
the gerund. Remember, a participle is
used as an adjective while gerund is
used as a noun. On the other hand, the
past participle ends in –ed, -en, or –
ing.
Participial
Phrase

Running along the park, I

Examples tripped over a big rock.

The young lady, dressed in pink,

looks pretty and charming.
 PHRASES
6 Prepositional Phrase
 is a group of words beginning with a
Prepositional preposition and ending with a noun
Phrase or pronoun which serves as
object of the preposition.

about behind for through

above below from to
across beside in toward
Some of the after between intounder
prepositions against beyond like until
along but of up
are: among by on upon
around down over within
at during past without
before except off
Prepositional
Phrase

That book on the shelf is a book

Examples in English Language.

The children looked at him when

he passed by them.
 PHRASES
7 Appositive Phrase
Appositive usually follows the word it explains or identifies,
but it may also precede it. Appositive is a noun,
pronoun or a group of words that restates,
Phrase renames or explains another noun or pronoun.

REMINDER
At times, appositives are confused with
subjective complements. Remember, the
appositive or appositive phrase can be
omitted, but the sentence will run smoothly
without it; whereas, the subjective complement
is needed to complete the sentence.
Appositive
Phrase

His work, checking on the chemical

Example supplies, is quite tiresome. (Appositive
Phrase)

His work is checking on chemical supplies.

(Subjective Complement)
CLAUSE
CLAUSE
A clause is a sequence of
related words containing both
a subject and a predicate.

2 TYPES OF CLAUSE

Main Clause

Subordinate Clause
 MAIN SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE VS CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

is a group of words is a group of words with a
with a subject and a subject and a predicate,
predicate, and gives and gives an incomplete
a complete thought. thought.

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

is an independent is a dependent unit thus, it
unit and therefore, cannot stand on its own.
can stand on its own.
 CLAUSE
1 Main Clause
Main SUBJECT + VERB = COMPLETE THOUGHT
Clause

Francis Bacon wrote essays while

Examples William Shakespeare wrote dramas.
of Main
Clause
Ivy was brought to the hospital
because she was very ill.
 CLAUSE
2 Subordinate Clause
 SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION

Subordinate
+
SUBJECT
+

Clause VERB
=
INCOMPLETE THOUGHT

Adjective Clause
Kinds of
Subordinate Adverb Clause
Clause
Noun Clause
 CLAUSE
2 Subordinate Clause - Adjective Clause
 Subordinate Clause

Adjective is introduced by a relative pronoun that

modifies a noun or a pronoun. The
Clause modified noun is called ANTECEDENT.

who whom whose

Relative whoever whomever whichever
Pronouns

The lazy students, whom Professor Russell

Example scolded, soon learned to keep their complaints
to themselves.
 CLAUSE
2 Subordinate Clause - Adverb Clause
 Subordinate Clause

Adverb is introduced by a subordinating

conjunction. It modifies a verb, an
Clause adjective or an adverb.
To indicate time
before, after, when, whenever, while,
Subordinating until, since
conjunctions To indicate place
that may be where, wherever
used to To indicate cause
introduce the because, since, as, if, as though, as long as,
adverb clause whereas
To indicate purpose
that, so, so that, in order that
To indicate contrast
although, though, even though, unless, if, then
 Subordinate Clause

Adverb
Clause

Examples When the sun rises, we will escape.

We played in the garden until the
sun set.
Though she was busy, Alice helped
the young boy.
 CLAUSE
2 Subordinate Clause - Noun Clause
 Subordinate Clause

Noun is a clause that works as a noun.

It can either be a subject or an object.
Clause
who what which
Introductory
whoever whom why whose
words

REMINDER
It is best to remember that a noun
clause may not be deleted in the
sentence otherwise, the structure would
become a fragment. On the other hand,
an adjective clause may be deleted and
yet the structure still stands.
 Subordinate Clause

Noun Clause

Example Who wrote that story is unknown.

(Noun Clause)

The author who wrote that story is

unknown. (Adjective Clause)
 Subordinate Clause

Noun Clause
What you have said makes her
Noun
sad.
Clause as
Whoever made this cake is a real
Subject
artist.

I can do whatever I want.

Noun
Clause as
My parents are really proud with
Object
what I have achieved.
SENTENCE PATTERNS
 SENTENCE PATTERNS
S-LV-C
Subject – Linking Verb –
Complement

S-TV-IO-DO S-TV-DO-OC
Subject – Transitive Verb – Subject – Transitive Verb –
Indirect Object – Direct Object Direct Object – Object Complement

S-TV-DO V-S
Subject – Transitive Verb – Verb - Subject
Direct Object
SENTENCE PATTERN
1 S – TV – DO
S-TV-DO
Subject - Transitive Verb – Direct Object
In this pattern, the subject which may be a noun or a
pronoun is followed by a verb. A direct object follows the
verb and answers the questions who and what.

The pharisees questioned the disciples.

Examples The professor in Literature listed the requirements.

She read the Bible verses.

SENTENCE PATTERN
2 S – TV – IO – DO
S-TV-IO-DO
Subject - Transitive Verb – Indirect Object - Direct Object

is a sentence pattern which consists of a subject, transitive verb,

indirect object and direct object. This structure uses verbs like give,
present, tell, offer and other verbs. The indirect object refers to whom
or to what the verb is performed. The direct object comes after the
indirect object and answers who and what questions.

Her grandmother gave her a watch.

Examples
My best friend told him my secret.
S-TV-IO-DO
Subject - Transitive Verb – Indirect Object - Direct Object

REMINDER
A sentence cannot have an indirect object
unless it first has a direct object.
An indirect object never follows prepositions.

He gave me the book.

Examples
He gave the book to me.
SENTENCE PATTERN
3 S – LV – C
S-LV-C
Subject - Linking Verb – Complement
This pattern consists of a subject, linking verb and complement.

 to be,
Linking  sense verbs like:
Verbs appear, become, feel, grow, remain,
smell, sound, taste, look and seem.
S-LV-C
Subject - Linking Verb – Complement
A complement can be a noun or an adjective.

Complement
Noun
The lecturer in the forum is a psychiatrist.

Complement The sizzling squid tastes delicious.

Adjective
SENTENCE PATTERN
4 S – TV – DO – OC
S-TV-DO-OC
Subject - Transitive Verb – Direct Object – Object Complement

This pattern consists of a subject, transitive verb, direct object and

objective complement.

 appoint, believe, call, choose

Common consider, declare, elect, find, make,
Verbs name, think and want.
S-TV-DO-OC
Subject - Transitive Verb – Direct Object – Object Complement

OC as
Noun The leader called the president a charismatic leader.

OC as Jennie made Lisa happy.

Adjective
SENTENCE PATTERN
5 V-S
V-S
Verb - Subject
Some subjects are placed after the verb.
This is called an inverted sentence.
Inverted word
order
Down the hall walks the science teacher.

Normal word The science teacher walks down the hall.

order
KINDS OF SENTENCES
ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
KINDS OF SENTENCES
ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE

The study of sentence

structure calls for clear
understanding on how
clauses work.
 SENTENCE STRUCTURES

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX COMPOUND-

SENTENCE SENTENCE SENTENCE COMPLEX
SENTENCE
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
1 Simple Sentence
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
is an independent clause for it contains only one main
idea. However, the subject and the predicate may either
be simple or compound.

James attended the party last night.

(Simple Subject and Simple Predicate)
James and Carmen attended the party last night.
(Compound Subject and Simple Predicate)
James and Carmen attended the party last night and
enjoyed it till the wee hours of the morning.
(Compound Subject and Compound Predicate)
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
2 Compound Sentence
 COMPOUND SENTENCE
has two of more independent clauses joined by
coordinate conjunctions or by a comma (,) or a
semicolon (;)
Coordinate
Conjunctions
and but yet
F.A.N.B.O.Y.S
for nor or so
 COMPOUND SENTENCE
Examples

(1) Ruby delivered the goods last Tuesday,

but (2) Andrew collected the payment two days
after.

(1)Jerick is now a grown-up boy; (2) he is a good

student at Ramon Magsaysay Memorial
Colleges.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
3 Complex Sentence
 COMPLEX SENTENCE
contains one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
Subordinate
Conjunctions

after, because, so that, whatever, although,

before, than, when, as, if, though, whenever, as
if, in order that, till, where, as long as, unless,
wherever, as though, since etc.
 COMPLEX SENTENCE
Examples

Francis Bacon wrote essays while William

Shakespeare wrote dramas.

When Exequiel came to the house,

Isabelle was sleeping.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
4 Compound-Complex Sentence
 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

is composed of two or more independent clauses and

Example one or more dependent clauses.

(1) Theperformers in the Pilipinas Got

Talent were generally excellent, (2) a few
were real amateurs (1) who auditioned
before the final casting.
 PHRASE VS CLAUSE
A phrase is a group of words A clause is a sequence of
without a subject and a verb. related words containing both
a subject and a predicate.

A phrase functions as a
A clause can be a sentence.
small part of speech in a
sentence.

Types of Phrases: Types of Clauses:

 Noun Phrase  Main Clause
 Verb Phrase  Subordinate Clause
 Gerund Phrase
 Infinitive Phrase
 Participial Phrase
 Prepositional Phrase
 Appositive Phrase
 Phrases and
Thus, Clauses
are the most important elements
of English grammar. Phrase and
clause cover everything a
sentence has. Clauses are the
center of sentences and phrases
strengthen the sentences to
become meaningful.
 SENTENCE PATTERNS
S-TV-DO S-TV-IO-DO S-LV-C S-TV-DO-OC V-S

SUBJECT SUBJECT
SUBJECT - -
SUBJECT
- TRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE
VERB -
TRANSITIVE LINKING
VERB VERB
VERB - -
INDIRECT
VERB
DIRECT
-
- - SUBJECT
OBJECT OBJECT
DIRECT -
COMPLEMEN
-
OBJECT T
DIRECT OBJECT
OBJECT COMPLEMENT

1 2 3 4 5
 SENTENCE STRUCTURES
SIMPLE SENTENCE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

two or more independent

one independent clause clauses and one or more
dependent clauses

COMPOUND SENTENCE COMPLEX SENTENCE

one independent clause and

two or more independent
two or more dependent
clauses
clauses
 REFERENCES

Robles, R. & Estioco, J. (2009) Improving Grammar Skills and More

Tagay, L. et al (2014) Journeying Through Literature and Language

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/phrase-examples
https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar
https://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause
 8 THINGS TO REMEMBER
You are not alone. God hears your prayers. Self-love is a must.
Private life is a better life. Your voice is valuable.
Nothing is impossible with God. You matter.
God is with you.

GOD BLESS